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ENGLISH AS A FIRST LANGUAGE ONLY PLEASE! Please do not bid on this if you were born or live outside the U.S. Poor grammar will not be accepted.Security science as a whole integrates three fundamental concepts (security management, the built environment and security principles); those which are informed and directed by security risk management. For this assignment, provide insight and details regarding each of these three concepts and appropriate examples regarding how the security professional would approach and employ them in carrying out their roles and responsibilities. Technical Requirements: Length: 4-5 pages total, double spaced, 1 margins, 12 pitch type in Times New Roman font. Title page, abstract (if used) and reference list do not count towards the required page count. Sources: The first half of the text book is attached, the other 4-5 sources must be valid and searchable on EBSCO, ProQuest, SAGE. ALL CITATIONS WILL BE CHECKED prior to approval. You must use and document, a minimum of five academically acceptable resources for this assignment. Citations/References: You must use the APA Reference List (Parenthetical) style for this assignment. chapter_1.docx chapter_2.docx chapter_3.docx chapter_4.docx chapter_5.docx Unformatted Attachment Preview Chapter 1: Concept of Security Objectives ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Discuss what constitutes a traditional approach to the nature of security. Critique the scientific method and engineering design process for the study of security science. Examine the diverse and interrelated disciplines and practice domains of security. Evaluate theories or concepts that provide definitions of security. Appraise the need to provide context when defining the concept of security. Defend a framework that supports a contextual definition of security science. Introduction 1. 2. 3. 4. The traditional academic disciplines have evolved and developed over centuries to reach their current state of refinement. These traditional disciplines, such as astronomy, physics, mathematics, medicine, and, more recently, biology and environmental science, exhibit a set of characteristics by which each can be designated as a discipline. Some of the characteristics of a discipline would include: Body of knowledge: A well-defined and inclusive body of knowledge. Structure of knowledge: An internal structure of the knowledge, achieved through internal relationships between concepts so that consistency and logic prevail. Concepts and principles: The building blocks of the knowledge of a discipline are concepts, and the relationships between concepts are governed by principles. Theories: Theories are predictive in function and provide the ultimate test for a discipline, as outcomes can be predicted. The knowledge domain of security has yet to achieve the status of being designated an academic discipline, as it lacks validity in the characteristics of the traditional disciplines. However, the emerging security science discipline will aspire to these characteristics with future ongoing research applied to the characteristics of a discipline, to provide the context for knowledge, structure, principles, and predictive theories. Security lacks definition and, therefore, lacks structured knowledge. In addition, security is diverse, cross-disciplined, and without a defined or specified knowledge or skill structure (Hesse and Smith, 2001). Nevertheless, this should not lead to a conclusion that security does not contain a definable knowledge structure. The diversity and cross-disciplined nature of security will evolve as the discipline becomes more professional, concepts are developed and defined, and tertiary education programs increase. Professional development is an essential component of professional employment, as it allows the individual to maintain currency in their chosen career. Thus, professional diversity has to be bounded by structured knowledge concepts. A characteristic of professional development is that it is both ongoing and directed—that is, to maintain the confidence of the community in the knowledge and skills base of a profession, you must continue to strive to be at the leading edge of knowledge in your chosen discipline. The foundation for the continued development of formal knowledge of security and its applications for the protection of assets in the national and international contexts will depend on an understanding of the principles and concepts of the emerging discipline of security. Research and development in the structure of the discipline of security is crucial for the professional application of a new generation of conceptual principles of security for the protection of assets. As Fischer et al. (2008, p. 482) suggested, the future of security is very positive considering the growth indicated in the discipline. Scientific Method in Support of Security Science The development of the knowledge base in security science depends on its advancement as a discipline, and the extent of interaction between academia and professional practitioners of the security industry. The knowledge base for the emerging discipline of security will be enhanced by ongoing research both in the fundamental context of theory development and the applied context of asset protection. It is necessary for government, academia, and the commercial security industry to contribute to this knowledge base. The stages in the development of a scientific discipline depend on the application of the scientific method to the knowledge base under consideration. The scientific method is a process for experimentation to seek cause-and-effect relationships between observable factors in the information of data gathered. For example, does the presence of a person in an e-field detector distort the field so that intrusion can be registered? From a social perspective, do people use utility theory when accessing security risk or do they take a heuristic approach? Whether in the hard or soft sciences, the scientific method seeks the cause-and-effect relationship by controlling the variables in the experimentation of the phenomenon. 1. 2. 3. 4. A definite feature of a science is that there are a set of procedures that demonstrate how outcomes are produced, and these procedures are sufficiently detailed so that others may replicate the process to verify or refute the outcomes. The scientific method is a process of inquiry that regards itself as fallible, and as a result purposely tests itself and criticizes its outcomes to correct and improve itself. Although there are several versions of the scientific method, a basic approach involves a four-stage model to develop knowledge of a natural phenomenon: Gather data by measuring or recording the observations of the phenomenon. Construct an idea of how the phenomenon operates or functions in the form of a hypothesis. Test or evaluate the idea or hypothesis by designing an experiment to show the operation or function of the phenomenon. Analyze the results of the experiment to see if the hypothesis is true or false; if it is true, then the idea may be formalized as a theory. Scientific Method The model of the scientific method can be expanded with preplanning for background research or information seeking before the hypothesis testing stage, and the model can be extended with an outcomes communication or reporting stage after the analysis to disseminate findings to practitioners and interested people (Figure 1.1). The strength of the scientific method is that a formalized process is applied to the problem, and an outcome will either be gained or rejected. A feature of the scientific method is that the hypothesis of the problem can be tested time after time, and if the hypothesis continues to be accepted then it is accepted as knowledge. However, if the hypothesis is rejected once, then the model will not be accepted. The strength of the scientific method is that anyone can conduct the hypothesis testing for the problem, and thus establish the validity of the model. Larger View Figure 1.1: Stages of the scientific method showing the hypothesis testing of an idea. The regularization of observations of a phenomenon can eventually be presented as a theory, provided the phenomenon is scrutinized many times from a variety of viewpoints and with the same outcomes for each experiment. Figure 1.1 shows that if the result of hypothesis testing is false or partially true, then a modified hypothesis must be tested. When consistency of testing the hypothesis is obtained, then the idea becomes a theory and provides a coherent set of propositions that explain a class of phenomena. The theory can be considered as a framework to explain further observations, from which predictions can be made. The strength of the scientific method is that it is unprejudiced—that is, it is not necessary to believe the results or outcomes of a particular researcher, as one can replicate the experiment and determine whether the results are true or false. The outcomes of the hypothesis testing do not depend on a particular experimenter, so that faith or belief does not play any part in the logical proof or material evidence on whether a scientific idea or theory is adopted or discarded. Thus, a theory is accepted, not based on the proponent, but rather on the quality of the results obtained through observations or experiments. Results obtained through the process of the scientific method are repeatable and reproducible. An important characteristic of a scientific theory or hypothesis is that it must be falsifiable. That is, if any single experiment relevant to the hypothesis is shown to be negative or untrue, the hypothesis must be rejected. Thus, theories cannot be proven when the hypotheses are tested, but only rejected when a negative test results from an experiment. The philosopher Wittgenstein (1953) in his analyses of experimentation claimed that there is no independent criterion of correctness, so that the scientific method must continue to test the validity of its knowledge. In a tested scientific hypothesis, a prediction is a rigorous, often quantitative, statement forecasting new outcomes under specific conditions of the idea being considered. The scientific method is formulated on testing assertions that are logical consequences of scientific theories, developed through repeatable experiments or observational studies of a phenomenon. Thus, a scientific theory of which the assertions are contradicted by observations and evidence will be rejected. The ability of an idea or hypothesis to predict further outcomes is a strength of the scientific method in its regularization of information from observation of experiment. Therefore, the power of the scientific method is to be found in the ability to predict further outcomes from the original hypothesis of the phenomenon. This important outcome of prediction from the scientific method is a strong indicator of validity of the process, as logical predictions of an idea can then also be hypothesis tested for acceptance or rejection. The philosopher Karl Popper (1963) sought to show that challenges to the scientific method are based on a series of misconceptions about the nature of science, and about the relationship between scientific laws and scientific prediction. The application of the scientific method to ideas in natural phenomena has scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of the phenomena. Thus, they are able to design experimental studies to test these hypotheses and make predictions that can be derived from the hypotheses. The process must be repeatable, to safeguard against mistakes, confusion, or prejudice by a particular experimenter. Theories that embrace wider domains of knowledge from similar fields of study may coalesce several or many independently derived hypotheses together in a coherent supportive knowledge structure. These knowledge structures are the foundations for the development of an academic discipline and are particularly relevant to security science. The scientific method is an enduring cycle that constantly develops more accurate and comprehensive methods and models. For example, when Einstein developed the special and general theories of relativity, he did not refute or discount Newtons principia, which was the foundation for Newtonian mechanics in physics. Newtonian physics was correct in its day and was true for the observations in nature. But Newtons equations could not cope with the enormity of mass in the universe, the tininess of particles in the atom, and the huge speeds of objects in space, which became observable data in the twentieth century. So Einsteins theories are extensions and refinements of Newtons theories, and therefore increase our confidence in Newtons ideas of the natural world. Engineering Design Process The application of the scientific method has evolved over centuries, but interestingly, the engineering design process has more recently been developed to service the needs of the engineer who creates new products or processes. For engineers, the engineering design process is a set of phases or actions that establishes a need for a product, system, or environment. Table 1.1 shows the methodology of the engineering design process, and also the correspondence with the scientific method. Table 1.1: Scientific Method versus Engineering Design Process Open table as spreadsheet Scientific Method Engineering Design Process State a question or problem Gather background information Define a problem or need Gather background information Scientific Method Engineering Design Process Formulate hypothesis; identify variables Design experiment, establish procedure(s) Test hypothesis by doing an experiment Analyze results and draw conclusions Present results Establish design statement or criteria Prepare preliminary designs Build and test a prototype(s) Verify, test, and redesign as necessary Present results The engineering design process defines the problem by seeking responses to the following questions as a reason to engage in the development of a product, system, or environment: 1. What is the problem or need? 2. Who has the problem or need? 3. Why is the problem important to solve? The engineering design process rarely proceeds in a linear manner through stages, but rather moves back and forth while converging to a solution. Thus, feedback loops in the logic of the design process are an important characteristic of the procedure. Table 1.1 demonstrates that similar logic is presented in each of the methodologies for science and engineering. The rigor of both of the processes is the strengths of the approaches for testable outcomes. While the scientific method modifies hypotheses that do not test positive and are hence rejected, the engineering design process features iterations between stages to achieve design outcomes that are both logical and sustainable. Security science will use both scientific and engineering design methods. However, due to the applied nature of security science, it would be expected that the engineering design method is equally relevant in developing the discipline. Such applied research allows directed evaluation of real problems within the social environment rather than theoretical research, better supporting the security industry. Security science is an emerging discipline that is developing its own theories for the structure of knowledge within the context of its knowledge domain. Although some theories in security science are discipline specific, generally current theories are adapted from other disciplines and knowledge domains for the security context, such as criminology, psychology, and engineering, where relatively strong theoretical contexts have been developed. However, security science is in its formative phase, and will evolve over the next decade into an accepted science. Thus, evolution will be based on rigor and logical application through science and technology theory and principle. The emergence of security science as an accepted discipline will herald the advancement of security as a profession. Defining the Concept of Security To varying degrees, we all have a concern for our well-being. These concerns extend to our family, friends, colleagues, the environment, and the world we occupy. The need to address these concerns is generally labeled security. The concept of security takes numerous forms within the wide spectrum of society. As Zedner (2009, p. 22) suggests, security is a powerful term that has a strong emotional appeal arising from its capacity to bear multiple meanings simultaneously. Furthermore, the rhetorical allure of security has seen it attach to a long line of neologisms (global security, international security, cooperative security, and human security) that deliberately use the term to mobilize political support and economic recourse. Security is multidimensional in both concept and application; however, we can define security and understand its nature when we consider it from a contextual perspective. For example, security is comprehensible when we consider a lock and key, but less so when we consider the fight on terrorism. The meaning of security can be unbounded, for example, in the past decade the increasing world exposure to terror attacks has raised social concern over the ability of nation-states to protect its citizens. When we use the term security without context, it can and does mean many things to many people. Security may be considered assured freedom from poverty or want; precautions taken to ensure against theft or espionage; or a person or thing that secures or guarantees (Angus and Roberston, 1992). Furthermore, Fischer et al. consider that security implies a stable, relatively predictable environment in which an individual or group may pursue its ends without disruption or harm and without fear of such disturbance or injury (2008, p. 31). A traditional definition of security may be the provision of private services in the protection of people, information, and assets for individual safety or community wellness. In addition, private or commercial security may be considered the provision of paid services in preventing undesirable, unauthorized, or detrimental loss to an organizations assets (Post and Kingsbury, 1991). Nevertheless, security has to be expanded to consider national security and the defense of a nationstate through armed force or the use of such force to control its citizens. Security may also imply public policing by state-employed public servants. Still others consider security as crime prevention, secure technology, risk management, or loss prevention (Brooks, 2009). The Protection of Assets Manual (Knote, 2004, pp. 1–2) states that the title was chosen because the term security is too narrow a definition, whereas the title of protection of assets better describes the function of security; however, it is argued that the reverse holds greater validity. Asset protection does better define the function of a part of security, but it is only one part of many. Security may be considered to be all of these statements; however, such diversity results in a society that has no clear understanding of security, with a divergence of interests from many stakeholders (Manunta, 1999). As ASIS International stated, every time we think weve got the definition of the security field nailed, somebody … starts taking some of the nails away (2003, p. 10). Security has to have a shared definition among the many disciplines that incorporate and contribute to security. However, security does present rather different meanings to different people (Davidson, 2005), given time, place, and context. As shown in Table 1.2, the nature of security has to be considered. Security may be extensions— namely, security of international systems, nation-states, and groups and individuals (Rothschild, 1995). In addition, the aspect of security can be an objective concept (e.g., a lock and key), subjective and driven by our perceptions (e.g., the installation of public CCTV to make a community feel safer), or symbolic (e.g., aviation security restricting passengers taking excessive liquids airside). We need to consider security from the individual to international, as well as the objective, subjective, and symbolic aspects. Table 1.2: Nature of Security Open table as spreadsheet Security Extensions Security Aspects Security of individuals Security of groups Security of nation-states Security of international systems Objective Subjective Symbolic Security of Individuals Security of individuals can be discussed within the context of a number of theories. These theories include Maslows hierarchy of human needs (1943), the related but distinct concepts of security and safety, and, finally, the risk effect. Risk has always been closely related to the concept of security, but it is only in recent times that the management of risk has played such a significant role in applied security. Hierarchy of Human Needs In 1943 Maslow proposed the theory of hierarchy of human needs, ranking an individuals motivational needs within a priority schema. The theory is often presented as a tr ... Purchase answer to see full attachment