Fluent Essays

Advocacy Recap Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 https://youtu.be/aTbtKRdYbYo Advocacy Recap Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 https://youtu.be/bFlyt8uKy8k Advocacy Recap Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 https://youtu.be/Ccr8WLFNkjw Advocacy & Media Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 https://youtu.be/VgqoHxZYY84 Advocacy Policy Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 https://youtu.be/atbZYs215Uw Chapter 6 Public Policy and Tobacco Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Identifying the Problem: Tobacco Use and Consequences Cigarette 1900s E-cigarette Now Utilized production, advertising, design, and social behavior to influence social norms and create a culture around tobacco use Death and disease patterns have emerged as a result of the cultural influence – Deeply engrained, but this is slowly changing Public health prevention strategies used by tobacco control advocates have been integral to the changing social norms spurring the decline of tobacco use Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Figure 1.1 Adult per capita cigarette consumption and major historical and policy events Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Identifying the Problem: Tobacco Use and Consequences Epidemiology Tobacco use has long been a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide Currently accounts for an estimated 9\% of deaths across the globe United States, smoking is the leading preventable cause of premature death and disease. Linked with several types of cancer, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, asthma, and stroke Nonsmokers who are exposed to secondhand smoke suffer from tobacco-related illnesses as well Since the United States Surgeon General began reporting on smoking more than 50 years ago, almost 2.5 million nonsmokers have died from smoking- related diseases Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Identifying the Problem: Tobacco Use and Consequences Epidemiology 1965, 42\% of Americans smoked cigarettes Tobacco prevention and cessation efforts established and various policies implemented and the population better understands risks 2013 smoking prevalence rates: 18\% of adults <13\% of youth Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Identifying the Problem: Tobacco Use and Consequences Epidemiology Rate of decline recently slowed recently: above Healthy People 2020 goals Emerging growth of non-cigarette tobacco product use introduces health risks More than one in five adults and high school students report using tobacco (non-cigarette tobacco products either alone or in addition to cigarettes) The most commonly used non-cigarette tobacco products are smokeless products (e.g., snuff), little or regular cigars, pipes, hookah (water pipes), and electronic cigarettes Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Identifying the Problem: Tobacco Use and Consequences Disparities Differences in tobacco use across: Gender Race and ethnicity Educational status Poverty status Sexual orientation Groups that use tobacco at disproportionately high rates, less likely to quit successfully & experience poorer health outcomes Military workers (e.g., active service members and civilian employ- ees) Construction workers Individuals with a history of mental health problems Homeless Incarcerated individuals Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Identifying the Problem: Tobacco Use and Consequences Disparities Differences across geographic location United States smoking rates were lower than those in many countries like Norway, Egypt, China, and Chile Higher rates than Mexico, Australia, Kenya, and India Within the United States Fewer than one in ten Utah residents smoke More than one in four people in Kentucky, Arkansas, and West Virginia smoke What else do you think contributes to health-related tobacco disparities? Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Why continued disparities? Excessive exposure to tobacco product promotion Tobacco industry targeting Lack of comprehensive policies Public Policy Strategies in Tobacco Control Creating Smoke-Free Environments Smoke-free laws protect employees and the public developing chronic disease due to secondhand smoke (cancer, heart disease, and respiratory diseases) Encourage people to quit Prevent smoking initiation Change social norms around tobacco use and exposure Smoke-free policies can be designed to impact public areas, private areas, or both. Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Public Policy Strategies in Tobacco Control Creating Smoke-Free Environments Policy has expanded to include: Public access: Restaurant patios, parks, playgrounds, and beaches Private settings such as multiunit housing and cars Smoke-free laws can be adopted voluntarily or via policy Policy preferred because it mandates rules and closes the gaps in secondhand smoke protection Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Public Policy Strategies in Tobacco Control Raising the Price of Tobacco Products through Tax Increases Increasing price = less affordable = reducing use = Change social norms Prevent youth initiation Decrease tobacco-related healthcare costs Reduce tobacco related health disparities Additional benefit = make revenue for governments Children’s Health Insurance Program in 2009 Largest increase in federal taxes Resulted in federal tax of $1.01 per cigarette pack In 2014, the total per pack tax ranged from $4.35 in New York to only $0.17 in Missouri Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Public Policy Strategies in Tobacco Control Restrictions on Marketing, Packaging, and Youth Access Tobacco Control Act gave legal authority to states & communities to pursue intervention at the retail level Read p.o.s. strategies p. 124 # 1-4 New York City, New York, Providence, Rhode Island, and Santa Clara County, California ban on sales of cigars, hookah, cigarillos, pipe and chewing tobacco, and e-cigarettes flavored with tastes that might appeal to youth (e.g., apple, grape, or mint) in establishments where youth could be present Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Public Policy Strategies in Tobacco Control Tobacco control policies can be implemented at the international, federal, state, and local levels Restrictions on Marketing, Packaging, and Youth Access Tobacco advertising has been banned on television, radio, billboards, and public transportation Industry focuses on point-of-sale Exposure at this level = higher odds of initiation and regular daily smoking among youth, unplanned & relapse Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 http://countertobacco.org Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Tobacco Control Support & Opposition Policy Rationale Financial burden on government and public Protection of high-risk populations Ensure clear and accurate information regarding tobacco products Consequences of secondhand smoke and other chemicals for nonusers Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Testimonies used in new e-cigarette regulations Tobacco Control Support & Opposition Political Support Local and state tobacco control programs do not have the flexibility or authority to influence tobacco control policies Coalitions are most important for comprehensive tobacco control policy Due to success in organizing and encouraging policy action through legislation and voter initiatives Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Tobacco Control Support & Opposition Political Support National-level voluntary organizations are also integral to advancement of policy American Heart Association American Cancer Society American Lung Association Advocacy organizations Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids Counter Tobacco) Legal partners Tobacco Control Legal Consortium Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Tobacco Control Support & Opposition Political Opposition Tobacco industry Utilizes financial resources Lobbyists Recruits policymakers via campaign funding in exchange for votes against TCC policies At the local level Recruit third parties or front groups Convenience store associations hospitality industry groups groups that oppose government regulation “astroturf ” groups—grassroots organizations that are funded, organized, and sometimes run by the tobacco industry Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Tobacco Control Support & Opposition Watch this YouTube video of an ad that ran during the Tobacco tax campaign, intended to highlight the misleading claims made by the tobacco industry and poke fun at them encouraging people to follow the money. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSHnb-9y3V8 Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 CASE STUDY Pp 131 in your text First U.S. tobacco-free pharmacy policy Reduces tobacco-related disparities at the local level Sets the stage for state and national tobacco-free pharmacy efforts Break into groups of 5 Review the case study Summarize your section on the flip chart (3-4 important take homes) Come back together as a class to share and discuss Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Tobacco-Free Pharmacies Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 https://youtu.be/R8-Fso5gieo Health Communications & Tobacco CDC Smoking and Tobacco Use Video Methods to Spread Awareness Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Reference Eyler, A.A., Chriqui, J.F., Moreland-Russell, S.M., & Brownson, R.C. (Eds.). (2016) Prevention, policy, and public health (1st ed.) New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Health Communication ReCap Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 1 Health Communication Models Health Communication ReCap Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 2 Health Communication ReCap Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 3 Social Marketing Marketing mix Four P’s Product Behavior trying to change Breastfeeding Price How much will it take to get a person to stop or adopt a behavior Place Does consumer have access to the product Is it available? Distribution system? Promotion Communication about the product, price & place TV, internet, radio, social media, newspapers, pamphlets, direct mail Health Communication ReCap Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 4 Tobacco ReCap What were the 3 key legislations we covered? Smoke-free environments Smoke-free laws protect employees and the public developing chronic disease due to secondhand smoke Encourage people to quit Prevent smoking initiation Change social norms around tobacco use and exposure Raising the price of tobacco via tax Increasing price = less affordable = reducing use = change social norms Prevent youth initiation Decrease healthcare costs Reduce tobacco related health disparities Revenue for governments Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 5 Tobacco ReCap Marketing, packaging and youth access Tobacco advertising has been banned on television, radio, billboards, and public transportation Industry focuses on point-of-sale reduced exposure at this level = lower odds of initiation and regular daily smoking among youth, unplanned & relapse Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 6 Tobacco ReCap Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 7 https://youtu.be/5Wlob8oCuQ8 Tobacco ReCap Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 8 https://youtu.be/jnGES82RL94 Chapter 16 Communicating Research to Help Influence Policy and Practice Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 9 Why is Communication Important? Public policies (laws or regulations) have a major role, in improving population health across a wide range of issues and topics But for evidence-based scientific information to have an impact on policy decisions, it must be communicated effectively Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 10 Communicating with Policymakers It is difficult to communicate science to policymakers in order to persuade them to approve and implement a public policy Few policymakers are trained in or familiar with scientific approaches Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 11 Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 12 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Learn about the Formal Policymaking Process in the Jurisdiction of Interest Elected policymakers operate as part of a system with formal rules for legislative or regulatory policymaking, funding decisions, and implementation Need to learn as much as possible about rules within specific jurisdictions in which you are where one is seeking adoption of a new policy A certain time period allowed and a procedure to follow e.g.: when a new bill or regulation may be introduced, or how committee hearings with witnesses are held for a specific state legislature or city council Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 13 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Learn about the Formal Policymaking Process in the Jurisdiction of Interest When communicating with a policymaker in writing or in person about legislation or regulation, it is best to select an individual who resides within the policymaker’s jurisdiction A city council may be unlikely to consider, or accept, testimony at a hearing about a new ordinance from someone who does not live within the city If want to adopt a new smoking ordinance in San Francisco then… we should find constituents residing or native to that area Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 14 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Understand Policymaker Characteristics Know your audience!! Understand demographic characteristics Every effort needs to be made to learn about the characteristics and preferences of a specific policymaker(s) of interest to help you encourage them to become a champion for the policy What characteristics can you think of that we may want to learn about the policymaker? Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 15 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Understand Policymaker Characteristics Internet searches will likely be the best way to find detailed information about individual policymakers opinions and beliefs voting records sponsored or proposed legislative bills most national and state elected policymakers are likely to have dedicated web- sites, Facebook pages, blogs, or Twitter accounts News media stories Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 16 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Understand Policymaker Characteristics Political party affiliation Assessing personal involvement, personal relevance or level of interest a policymaker has for a specific topic or issue personally affected by a disease or health issue of concern? Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 17 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Understand Policymaker Characteristics San Francisco Board of Supervisors who voted on 2016 SSB tax: Scott Wiener and Eric Mar, Jane Kim, Katy Tang, Norman Yee and London Breed Scott Wiener and Eric Mar – YES effective deterrent to selling sugary drinks, could reduce consumption 30 to 40 percent children today, one-third of them will develop type 2 diabetes, and for minorities that number is even higher… Jane Kim, Katy Tang, Norman Yee and London Breed – NO objected to the measure because of the disproportionate effect the tax will have on those same communities Calling it a regressive flat tax, Kim said that it unfairly burdens low-income communities similar to other sin taxes such as high taxes on cigarettes Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 18 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Build Relationships with Policymakers and Gatekeepers (Aides) Policymakers rely on gatekeepers: aides or assistants Gatekeepers have an important role in deciding who has direct access to policymakers, and the information to which they are exposed Build relationships via in-person meetings & regular communication Use the preferred communication channels Build trust: follow through on promises Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 19 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Seek Media Attention Elected policymakers pay close attention to news media stories, especially those they consider relevant to their constituents Gain supportive media coverage for a policy issue is important to get the attention of policymakers National or state-based “report cards” with letter grades are used by organizations to try and raise awareness among the news media and policymakers about public health issues Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 20 Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 21 Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 22 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Communication Planning Communication planning consists of devising the strategy, and creating messages, for policymakers Persuade policymakers to approve a new public health policy that is evidence-based and highly likely to be effective An active strategy will be used to engage policy- makers and gain their attention – do not use solely a fact sheet on a website Communication efforts with policymakers will be coordinated with supporting organizations & other allies Building partnerships and coalitions provides a united front among supporters Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 23 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Develop the Storyline (Meta-message) Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Creating a storyline, or meta-message is the beginning of communication planning The storyline represents the major conclusion one is trying to convey to policymakers Public health policy storylines are usually straight- forward because they are the policies themselves: 24 All children must be vaccinated against MMR before entering elementary school Manufacturers must install Safety Device B in motor vehicles beginning in Year 20XX Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Select the Messenger/Source Formal Testimony – “To Whom Will They Listen?” Should be from within the policymakers jurisdiction Credibility Fair/unbiased Provide accurate, relevant information about the issue Most effective are those with a science/health background Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 25 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Develop and Deliver the Message Messages provide the rationale used to support the storyline (i.e., the public policy) Created with the goal of convincing policymakers that: there is a public health problem, and the new public health policy will solve or alleviate the problem Messages themselves consist of words, numbers, visual images, or some combination of the three, and they are presented to audiences orally, visually, or in written form Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 26 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Develop and Deliver the Message To develop messages consider the questions policymakers most often want answered Is there a problem? If so, is there a solution for the problem? What do we do? How much will it cost to solve the problem? How does this help my constituents? Will this make me look good (to the media, to my constituents, and to the powerful interests that shape my region)? Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 27 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Communicating Data Incorporating data into policy briefs or testimony can define a particular public health problem and demonstrate the magnitude of the problem The number of people impacted and the expected positive impact of the new policy A common and effective strategy is to use public health surveillance data (the more local the data, the better) highlight the magnitude of a specific health problem followed by findings to demonstrate the cause(s) of the problem or the projected impact of the policy (the solution) Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 28 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Communicating Data- Sample Policy Brief Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 29 Sample policy brief: Hep C Policy Brief Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Communicating Data Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 30 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Communicating Data Reducing complex data into understandable information Provide an analogy such as “X is similar to Y” Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 31 In Los Angeles, there are more tanning salons than schools, supermarkets, and gas stations combined Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Communicating Data Narratives like personal testimony can support research Box 16.3 p.314 Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 32 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Communicating Data Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016; CDC, 2018 33 (CDC, 2018) Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Visuals Visuals are used to present data and demonstrate magnitude, highlight changes, or make comparisons to increase understanding and interpretation by the target audience Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 34 Bar charts: Magnitude; patterns; relative differences Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Visuals Pie charts: Proportions; magnitude; Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 35 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Visuals Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 36 Line graphs: Trends over time; Increases, decreases, stability Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Written Materials Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 37 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment In-Person Meetings Occur in: Legislative hearing: Involve one or more experts providing short testimonies to policymakers, followed by questions from legislators Testimony is short (a few minutes), and it is sometimes prepared in advance and read to committee members Data presented vis posters, PowerPoint or some other type of slide presentation software Come well-prepared to communicate key messages, and responding appropriately to questions Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 38 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment In-Person Meetings Occur in: Face-to-face Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 39 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Anticipate Potential Opposition Arguments and Strategies Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 40 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Follow-Up Send a thank you for their support regardless of the policy outcome If information is requested of you send within 24-48 hours REMEMBER: When communicating with policymakers it is important to: Have a good understanding of the policymaking environment Communication planning: creating a strategy and developing key messages Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 41 Communicating with Policymakers Policymaking Environment Testimony Example The Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on reauthorizing the Violence Against Women Act, which is set to expire in September. The committee heard from the Justice Department’s director of the Office of Violence Against Women as well as activists and a San Diego prosecutor on how the law, which was first enacted in 1994, helps survivors of domestic violence Amanda Nguyen – Violence Against Women Activist & Rise Founder https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4765914/cspan-testimony Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 42 Reference Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 43   Eyler, A.A., Chriqui, J.F., Moreland-Russell, S.M., & Brownson, R.C. (Eds.). (2016) Prevention, policy, and public health (1st ed.) New York, NY: Oxford University Press.