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Senior populations 1 Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited. Demonstrating Effective Leadership Learner’s Full Name (no credentials) School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Capella University NHS8002: Collaboration, Communication, and Case Analysis for Doctoral Learners Instructor Name August, 2020 Commented [IP1]: [1] Review this Capella required format for the cover page as illustrated here: Full Title of Your Paper Learner’s Full Name (no credentials) School, Capella University Course Number: Course Name Instructor Name Month, Year 2 Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited. Demonstrating Effective Leadership According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019a), deaths due to opioid overdose have increased almost six-fold in the last 10 years. Opioid overdose is also responsible for an average of 130 deaths in the United States every day. Although there is a lot of scholarly literature available on evidence-based approaches to tackle the problem of addiction, prevention and treatment interventions require effective interprofessional collaboration. The following assessment focuses on addressing the issue of opioid addiction in Charleston, West Virginia, through the formation of interprofessional coalition teams. The paper also focuses on strategies, best practices, and ethical standards that the coalition team should consider to ensure that it achieves its goal. Contributing Factors to Opioid Addiction According to a report by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (2019), West Virginia reported the highest number of deaths due to opioid overdose. In 2017, about 833 deaths were reported in West Virginia, with a prevalence rate of about 49.6 deaths for every 100,000 people. This rate was three times the national rate of 14.6 deaths per 100,000 persons (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2019). There are many factors that contribute to opioid abuse and addiction. Childhood trauma is related to substance use disorder in adulthood. Another contributor to the increase of opioid addiction is the overprescribing of opioid painkillers. According to Anderson and McNair (2018), individuals seeking treatment for opioid addiction are often in despairing social, financial, and health conditions. These factors result in the widespread use of opioids and the expansion of opioid availability, which act as major barriers for individuals seeking treatment for opioid addiction. Poor financial statuses, a lack of positive relationships, peer pressure, limited Commented [IP2]: [2] A paper should begin with an introduction, placing the paper’s topic in context, e.g., acknowledge key findings, a general idea of the purpose of the paper, then narrowing the focus to the main thesis idea. 3 Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited. coverage of insurance facilities, and habitancy in rural areas also act as barriers for seeking and accessing quality treatment services. Interprofessional Coalition Team to Prevent Opioid Addiction To combat opioid addiction in Charleston, West Virginia, a coalition team is being formed and a community readiness survey will be developed based on the inclusion criteria for coalition members. Trudeau (2015), in a study conducted to address the misuse of prescription opioids, included the following inclusion criteria: An enrolee must be a current member of an antidrug community coalition, must have substantial experience of at least a year with the antidrug coalition, must be 18 years old, must be willing to provide informed consent, and must speak English. The team will be comprised of eight members as listed in the following table; through their expertise, the team members will work toward preventing opioid addiction in Charleston, West Virginia. Table 1 Coalition Team Members and Their Contribution Coalition team members Contribution Dr. R. S., a senior psychiatrist certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology and the Head of Department of Psychiatry at D. S. Hospital, West Virginia Analyze the root causes of opioid addiction and determine the most effective treatment and preventive strategies to combat opioid addiction. Dr. N. F., an addiction psychiatrist at D. S. Hospital who is certified by the American Society of Addiction Medicine Analyze the root causes of opioid addiction and determine the most effective treatment and preventive strategies to combat opioid addiction. M. T., president of the West Virginia Pharmacists Association Provide the data required to track the supply of opioids and spread awareness on Medication Assisted Treatment MAT to combat opioid addiction. A. K., a member of the Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Work to ensure a reduction in the impact of substance abuse and mental illness. Commented [IP3]: [3] Good work in identifying the potential contributing factors, including thinking about this from a system’s or a macro perspective and in noting these social determinants and factors related to the community and addiction Commented [IP4]: [4] Good use of the literature to establish criteria for membership in developing a community readiness survey. How does this align with the selected case scenario, the community factors and the development of an interprofessional collaborative team that might include community stakeholders? Commented [IP5]: [5] Good work in presenting the rationale for the selection of this interprofessional team. What are your thoughts in terms of local community representation or someone who has experienced addiction as a member to the group? How might someone with knowledge regarding the local community, the culture, etc., be a valuable member to this group? Commented [IP6]: [6] Good work identifying root causes. Dr. R. S. and Dr. N.F. have the same rationale for inclusion. Might it be advantageous to include team members with differing skill sets to address the identified issues? 4 Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited. R. K., a member of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Provide scientific expertise on the data and tools required by health care providers to curb opioid addiction. H. M., a member of the Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America Works to make West Virginia safe, healthy, and drug-free. M. S., a member of the Boys and Girls Scouts of America Ensure that awareness of opioid addiction is spread across the youth groups of West Virginia. F. S., a member of the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources Extends support required to prevent opioid addiction, especially in individuals who do not have any funds for treatment and are not eligible to qualify for Medicaid Issues Affecting Interprofessional Collaboration The following are potential issues that affect interprofessional collaboration in the team: • Organizations being hesitant about sharing their work, their target populations, and the funding allocated to their organization • Unpleasant history with fellow team members • Differences due to hierarchy of authority • The inability to establish effective communication between the coalition team and the community • The lack of organizational capacity and funding • The inability to establish effective leadership among the coalition team (“Center for Community Health and Development,” n.d.) Strategies to Optimize Interprofessional Collaboration The following strategies will help optimize interprofessional collaboration in the coalition team: • Effective communication among the coalition team • Active participation of all members of the coalition team Commented [IP7]: [7] Good work in thinking about youth and prevention. Based on the statistics presented in the beginning of the analysis, who might be at most risk? What did the literature report about vulnerable populations for opioid addiction? Based on this information, perhaps homeless shelters, food security resources, and a former addict might be included as potential members? Commented [IP8]: [8] There are important factors to consider when working with an interprofessional team. How might these be applied to this specific interprofessional team within the framework of this community and opioid addiction in Charleston, West Virginia? This type of analysis and application to the case scenario would move the criteria from proficient to distinguished. 5 Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited. • Active networking through meetings with all members of the coalition team • The setting of attainable goals to achieve success • Honest and realistic attitudes among all members of the coalition team • Recognition of all members by respecting the diversity of the coalition team (“Center for Community Health and Development,” n.d.) • Diffusion leadership responsibilities between all team members without any bias to promote a sense of ownership and shared vision • Shared decision-making and critical interprofessional communication to combine resources and the development of common goals to improve staff satisfaction and service outcomes Ethical Issues to be Considered in the Prevention of Opioid Addiction Anderson and McNair (2018) state that the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities with opioid addiction and the dependence on opioid painkillers for chronic pain make treatment challenging. The treatment of opioid addiction requires further research, which can be facilitated by conducting clinical trials. On a micro level, the ethical issues associated with such research can be observed when obtaining consent forms for research from individuals who may not be competent enough to make decisions for themselves. The decision-making capacity of individuals under the influence of drugs or experiencing withdrawal is questionable. The coalition team will adhere to guidelines by the National Advisory Council on Drug Abuse that emphasize research on the administration of drugs to human subjects who are at the brink of developing addiction and those undergoing withdrawal. The basic principles of these guidelines include respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Respect for persons includes the participants’ right to know what changes they would undergo during the course of the research. Beneficence helps prevent potential harm and maximizes the potential benefits of the research to Commented [IP9]: [9] Good work in addressing the potential challenges and road blocks in working with an interprofessional group. How might this be applied to this specific community and the selected population health issue for this interdisciplinary group? What do you anticipate might be areas of challenge and strategies for best practices for this team in Charleston ? What might be an example or two? 6 Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited. participants by assessing the risks and benefits associated with the research. Justice represents equality and fairness, which must be considered when distributing the benefits and burdens of the research. On a meso level, the coalition team must consider ethical issues such as the unprejudiced recruitment of participants in trials, payment to the participants, and the prevalence of preexisting diseases such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the participants. The coalition team must discuss the benefits and risks associated with the prevention of opioid addiction (Anderson & McNair 2018). At a community level, this can take the form of providing treatment facilities to all individuals seeking treatment for opioid addiction irrespective of their gender, race, economic status, political inclination, and religious beliefs. The guidelines also emphasize the importance of obtaining informed consent from participants and the careful selection of participants (especially those who have never used drugs and those who are frequent drug users). The guidelines also apply to those who have comorbid psychiatric conditions and women with childbearing potential (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2019). Interprofessional Collaboration, Diversity, and Inclusion Inspired by the Joint Statement of Principles followed by the Coalition for Diversity and Inclusion in Scholarly Communications, the coalition team will establish a culture of respect, inclusion, and value in the team by removing barriers to participation and providing equal opportunities to all team members. Maintaining an environment that promotes and respects diversity among all team members through effective communication will enable the active participation of all team members in major decision-making tasks involving the goal of preventing opioid addiction (“Joint Statement of Principles,” n.d.). Further, creating an inclusive workplace despite racial, religious, cultural, or gender diversity helps improve collaboration and Commented [IP10]: [10] Good work in not only identifying these core ethical principles but their application to research, clinical trials and informed consent. Commented [IP11]: [11] Good work in noting these ethical issues. How might these be addressed via the collaborative team and its work? How can the team engage the trust of the community for recruitment, education, and treatment? Commented [IP12]: [12] Good identification of these vulnerable groups. Is there a broader perspective in terms of ethical issues, e.g., more than research and clinical trials? For example, how might one’s code of ethics be useful in preparing team members to address potential ethical issues and challenges related to prevention, treatment, and education with regard to opioid use/abuse? 7 Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited. develop a feeling of belonging in an organization. This, in turn, results in improved staff satisfaction and an environment that is conducive to the development of innovative intervention strategies to battle opioid addiction. Additionally, developing a workplace culture that celebrates diversity and inclusiveness promotes communality, which is fundamental for community engagement and improved patient outcomes. Community-level interventions can be implemented in the form of public education, health care provider-patient interactions, and community-based medication disposal programs. Educating communities on utilizing naloxone (which is used to treat emergency cases of opioid overdose) and Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT) to reverse opioid overdose in a language layman can easily understand is pivotal. It is also important that physicians and other health care professionals alert patients about the risks associated with the overdose of prescription opioids. Encouraging communities to install drop boxes and set up collection sites for the collective disposal of unused opioids will also help prevent opioid addiction. Literature Review on Prevention of Opioid Addiction The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019b) has recommended best practices for the prevention of opioid addiction. These practices are based on thorough reviews of the latest scientific research and expert opinions on aiding addicts and those at potential risk for addiction. Naloxone helps in overdose reversal and distributing naloxone across communities can have lifesaving effects. Academic detailing, which includes educating physicians on best practices, is said to improve physician practices. Research shows that MAT improves quality of life in addicts. Eliminating prior authorization for prescribing medication for opioid use disorder enables physicians to prescribe MAT without the need for approval from insurance providers. Commented [IP13]: [13] Good work in noting the role of diversity and inclusion and how this supports the mission objective of the interprofessional team. What might be an example of “best practices” to address this per the case scenario? Commented [IP14]: [14] Good strategies to address this at the community level. What role might cultural factors play per the community demographics? How might the community stakeholders play an active role in this process at the community level working with the interdisciplinary team? Commented [IP15]: [15] Might it be beneficial from a population health perspective to educate other health care professionals and community stakeholders? Commented [IP16]: [16] Great point here in assessing the other stakeholders who play a role in this case scenario 8 Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited. Screening for fentanyl will help determine a patient’s level of abuse and also help track the supply of fentanyl among the local drug supply. Syringe services programs are interventions that provide clean syringes in exchange for used ones. Patients with opioid use disorder are encouraged to take up treatment and counselling when they enter syringe services programs (Carroll et al., 2018). The coalition team and the community can partner to develop a syringe services program for patients with opioid addiction and connect them with treatment and counselling programs. Restricting supply, influencing prescribing practices, reducing demand, and reducing harm are strategies that help prevent opioid addiction. The supply of opioids can be restricted by improving access to drug take-back programs, where patients are instructed to return excess drugs to any pharmacy after completing the course of medication. Prescribing practices can be improvised by providing essential curricula on pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments for opioid addiction to health care providers. Developing reimbursement plans for nonopioid pain medications will help patients switch from opioids and reduce opioid addiction. Improving accessibility to prescription drug monitoring data will enable health care providers to track the number of patients on prescription drugs and provide effective treatment. The demand for drugs can be reduced by expanding treatment options by increasing access to MAT, improving techniques on educating health care providers on the treatment of opioid use disorder, and enabling full coverage of the medications approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Opioid addiction can be reduced by allowing pharmacists to distribute naloxone to individuals with opioid addiction; the pharmacists should not fear criminal prosecution for distributing naloxone or participating with syringe programs and sales. The coalition team can Commented [IP17]: [17] Good point here; how might the interprofessional team or the community stakeholders play a role here? Commented [IP18]: [18] Great example of the interprofessional team working collaboratively with community organizations. 9 Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited. implement the aforementioned evidence-based strategies to promote the prevention of opioid addiction. Conclusion The increasing prevalence of opioid addiction is a global problem that calls for a prevention intervention. Forming interprofessional coalition teams in every community can help prevent opioid addiction. Optimizing interprofessional collaboration among these coalitions is pivotal for preventing opioid addiction. The treatment of opioid use disorder is challenging because of factors such as the comorbidity of other psychiatric illnesses and dependence on opioid painkillers. The treatment of opioid use disorder requires further research. Coalition teams must consider an ethical code of conduct when working toward implementing interventions to prevent opioid addiction. Effective communication, the elimination of barriers by promoting diversity in teams, and effective leadership are some best practices for interprofessional collaboration that will help teams. Literature reviews demonstrate evidence-based practices such as educating communities, physicians, and health care providers on opioid addiction treatment, improving access to MAT, and revising insurance policies on access to drugs recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The goal of preventing opioid addiction can be achieved by collective emphasis on prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of patients with opioid use disorder and those who are at a potential risk for addiction. Commented [IP19]: [19] Fine work in thinking about interventions, prevention, and strategies for best practices from a population health perspective. Do the members of the team you selected align with these objectives? How does this connect with being a scholar practitioner? 10 Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited. References Anderson, E., & McNair, L. (2018). Ethical issues in research involving participants with opioid use disorder. Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science, 52(3), 280–284. https://doi.org/10.1177\%2F2168479018771682 Carroll, J. J., Green, C. T., & Noonan, K. (2018). Evidence-based strategies for preventing opioid overdose: What’s working in the United States. https://cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/pubs/2018-evidence-based-strategies.pdf Center for Community Health and Development. (n.d.). Coalition building I: Starting a coalition. https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/assessment/promotion-strategies/start-a- coaltion/main Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019a). America’s drug overdose epidemic: Data to action. https://www.cdc.gov/injury/features/prescription-drug-overdose/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019b). Heroin overdose data. https://cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/heroin.html National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019). West Virginia opioid summary. https://drugabuse.gov/opioid-summaries-by-state/west-virginia-opioid-summary Trudeau K. J. (2015). Development of a community readiness survey for coalitions to address prescription opioid misuse. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 59(3), 67–90. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27516644 https://doi.org/10.1177\%2F2168479018771682 https://cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/pubs/2018-evidence-based-strategies.pdf https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/assessment/promotion-strategies/start-a-coaltion/main https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/assessment/promotion-strategies/start-a-coaltion/main https://www.cdc.gov/injury/features/prescription-drug-overdose/index.html https://cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/heroin.html https://drugabuse.gov/opioid-summaries-by-state/west-virginia-opioid-summary https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27516644 Demonstrating Effective Leadership Demonstrating Effective Leadership 8/11/2021 Demonstrating Effective Leadership Scoring Guide https://courserooma.capella.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/NHS/NHS8002/210700_10x/Scoring_Guides/u05a1_scoring_guide.html 1/2 Demonstrating Effective Leadership Scoring Guide Due Date: End of Week 5 Percentage of Course Grade: 35\%. CRITERIA NON-PERFORMANCE BASIC PROFICIENT DISTINGUISHED Analyze the impact of factors that contribute to a chronic population health concern. 16\% Does not describe the factors that contribute to a chronic population health concern. Describes the factors that contribute to a chronic population health concern. Analyzes the impact of factors that contribute to a chronic population health concern. Provides a concise, accurate analysis of the impact of factors that contribute to a chronic population health concern. Exhibits clear insight into the affected groups and the social determinants of health, and draws well-reasoned conclusions. Form a collaborative coalition to address a chronic population health concern. 14\% Does not form a coalition to address a chronic population health concern. Forms a coalition that lacks key members or whose makeup is ill-equipped to address a chronic population health concern. Forms a collaborative coalition to address a chronic population health concern. Forms a collaborative coalition to address a chronic population health concern. Member selection is perceptive and clearly focused on the overall goal. Articulates clear strategies for optimizing collaboration and communication that are well supported by the literature. Explain potential ethical issues that might be relevant for a health care coalition to consider in addressing its mission. 14\% Does not identify potential ethical issues that might be relevant for a health care coalition to consider in addressing its mission. Identifies potential ethical issues that might be relevant for a health care coalition to consider in addressing its mission. Explains potential ethical issues that might be relevant for a health care coalition to consider in addressing its mission. Explains potential, wide-ranging ethical issues that might be relevant for a health care coalition to consider in addressing its mission. Exhibits keen insight into the application of ethical principles in particular situations on a micro or meso level, drawing from applicable disciplinary codes of conduct. Explain the principles of diversity and inclusion applicable to the formation of a health care coalition and its interactions with the community. 14\% Does not explain the general applicability of diversity and inclusion principles in addressing population health Explains the general applicability of diversity and inclusion principles in addressing population health. Explains the principles of diversity and inclusion applicable to the formation of a health care coalition and its interactions with the community. Explains the principles of diversity and inclusion applicable to the formation of a health care coalition and its interactions with the community. Provides clearly articulated strategies and best practices, supported by credible evidence, that apply principles of diversity and inclusion to achieve coalition goals. Explain how literature and research in the field can be used to develop best practices for addressing a chronic population health concern. 14\% Does not explain the importance of using literature and research in the field to support population health initiatives. Explains the importance of using literature and research in the field to support population health initiatives. Explains how literature and research in the field can be used to develop best practices for addressing a chronic population health concern. Explains how literature and research in the field can be used to develop best practices for addressing a chronic population health concern. Provides a cogent argument for how scholar- practitioners can leverage extant knowledge to drive evidence-based improvements in population health. 8/11/2021 Demonstrating Effective Leadership Scoring Guide https://courserooma.capella.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/NHS/NHS8002/210700_10x/Scoring_Guides/u05a1_scoring_guide.html 2/2 CRITERIA NON-PERFORMANCE BASIC PROFICIENT DISTINGUISHED Organize content so ideas flow logically with smooth transitions. 14\% Does not organize content so ideas flow logically with smooth transitions. Organizes content with some logical flow and smooth transitions. Organizes content so ideas flow logically with smooth transitions. Organizes content so clarity is enhanced and all ideas flow logically with smooth transitions. Apply APA style and formatting to scholarly writing. 14\% Does not apply APA style and formatting to scholarly writing. Applies APA style and formatting to scholarly writing incorrectly and/or inconsistently, detracting noticeably from good scholarship. Applies APA style and formatting to scholarly writing. Applies APA style and formatting to scholarly writing. Exhibits virtually error- free adherence to stylistic conventions, document structure, and source attributions.