Fluent Essays

Use this worksheet to document the results of your experiment.  Be sure to answer all questions using RED text and insert any required photos within this document before submitting the assignment in the upload area. Lab 1 Introduction to Science BIO201L Student Name: Click here to enter text. Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): Click here to enter text. Pre-Lab Questions Questions 1. Write a description next to each of the following terms to help you remember them: a. Transverse plane Click here to enter text. b. Sagittal plane Click here to enter text. c. Midsagittal plane Click here to enter text. d. Coronal plane Click here to enter text. 2. Identify the major organs that are contained in each cavity listed below. Indicate whether they belong in a cavity subdivision, and if so, name the cavity subdivision. a. Dorsal cavity Click here to enter text. b. Ventral cavity Click here to enter text. 3. Match the body cavities that have to be opened during the listed surgical procedures listed below. Note that more than one choice may apply. (a) thoracic (b) vertebral (c) abdominopelvic (d) pericardial (e) pleural (f) cranial Liver operation Click here to enter letter. Triple bypass heart surgery (arteries on the heart) Click here to enter letter. Stomach stapling Click here to enter letter. Removal of a section of lung or lobe Click here to enter letter. Manual pressure release of a brain tumor Click here to enter letter. Appendix removal Click here to enter letter. Gastric bypass surgery (stomach, small intestine) 4. Fill in the blanks using your knowledge of regional landmarks from Figure 3. Regional Landmark Description (Layman’s Terms) acromial Click here to enter text. umbilicus Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. back antebrachium Click here to enter text. femur Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. back of knee sura Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. toes pollex Click here to enter text. lumbus Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. back of elbow Click here to enter text. mouth 5. In your own words, write a description next to each set of directional terms that will help you remember them. Posterior vs. anterior Click here to enter text. Proximal vs. distal Click here to enter text. Superior vs. inferior Click here to enter text. Superficial vs. deep Click here to enter text. Ventral vs. dorsal Click here to enter text. Medial vs. lateral Click here to enter text. Contralateral vs. ipsilateral Click here to enter text. Experiment 1: Anatomical Terms Post-Lab Questions 1. Use your knowledge of anatomical directionality to describe position of the following: a. The heart is to the lungs. Click here to enter text. b. The feet are to the head. Click here to enter text. c. The lungs are to the pancreas. Click here to enter text. d. The left lung is to the right lung. Click here to enter text. e. The hands are to the shoulders. Click here to enter text. 7. Using your “Virtual Model”, describe the position of the liver in relation to the esophagus. Click here to enter text. 8. Choose one body part or organ; describe its position relative to at least six other organs or body parts. Click here to enter text. Exercise 2: Anatomical Planes Post-Lab Questions 1. Label the anatomical planes on the image below. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 10. Using anatomical planes and terms, describe where each body part or organ listed below is located. a. Gluteus Click here to enter text. b. Left carpal Click here to enter text. c. Nose Click here to enter text. d. Right lung Click here to enter text. Exercise 3: Body Cavities Post-Lab Questions 1. Label the body cavities on the image below. a. Click here to enter text. b. Click here to enter text. c. Click here to enter text. d. Click here to enter text. e. Click here to enter text. f. Click here to enter text. 12. What are the boundaries for the following cavities? a. Thoracic cavity Click here to enter text. b. Abdominal cavity Click here to enter text. c. Pelvic cavity Click here to enter text. 13. Youre doing rounds in the ER when a patient is rushed in. The patient suffered major trauma in a car accident. The damage is described as a prolapsed right lung that has penetrated the abdominopelvic cavity. Describe what damage the lung has suffered. Use your knowledge of body cavities, and anatomical planes and positions. Click here to enter text. Lab 4 Diffusion and Osmosis BIO201L Student Name: Click here to enter text. Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): Click here to enter text. Pre-Lab Questions: ”1. Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis.” Click here to enter text. ”2. What is the water potential of an open beaker containing pure water? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. Why don’t red blood cells swell or shrink in blood? ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 1: Diffusion through a Liquid Table 1: Rate of Diffusion in Corn Syrup Time (sec) Blue Dye Red Dye 10 Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 20 Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 30 Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 40 Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 50 Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 60 Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 70 Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 80 Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 90 Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 100 Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 110 Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 120 Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Table 2: Speed of Diffusion of Different Molecular Weight Dyes Structure Molecular Weight Total Distance Traveled (mm) Speed of Diffusion (mm/hr)* Blue Dye Click here to enter text.  Click here to enter text.  Click here to enter text.  Red Dye Click here to enter text.  Click here to enter text.  Click here to enter text.  *To get the hourly diffusion rate, multiply the total distance diffused by 30. Post-Lab Questions ” 1. Examine the plot below. How well does it match the data you took in Table 1? ” Click here to enter text. ”2. Which dye diffused the fastest? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. How does the rate of diffusion correspond with the molecular weight of the dye? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. Does the rate of diffusion change over time? Why or why not? ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 2: Diffusion - Concentration Gradients and Membrane Permeability Table 3: Indicator Reagent Data Indicator Starch Positive Control (Color) Starch Negative Control (Color) Glucose Positive Control (Color) Glucose Negative Control (Color) Glucose Test Strip n/a n/a Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. IKI Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. n/a n/a Table 4: Diffusion of Starch and Glucose Over Time Indicator Dialysis Bag After 1 Hour Beaker Water After 1 Hour Glucose Test Strip Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. IKI Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Post-Lab Questions ”1. Why is it necessary to have positive and negative controls in this experiment? ” Click here to enter text. ”2. Which substance(s) crossed the dialysis membrane? Support your response with data-based evidence. ” Click here to enter text. ”3. Which molecules remained inside of the dialysis bag? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. Did all of the molecules diffuse out of the bag into the beaker? Why or why not? ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 3: Osmosis - Direction and Concentration Gradients ”Hypothesis: ” Click here to enter text. Table 6: Sucrose Concentration vs. Tubing Permeability Band Color Sucrose \% Initial Volume (mL) Final Volume (mL) Net Displacement (mL) Yellow Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Red Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Blue Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Green Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Post-Lab Questions ”1. For each of the tubing pieces, identify whether the solution inside was hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic in comparison to the beaker solution it was placed in. ” Click here to enter text. ”2. Which tubing increased the most in volume? Why? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. What does this tell you about the relative tonicity between the contents of the tubing and the solution in the beaker? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. What would happen if the tubing with the yellow band was placed in a beaker of distilled water? ” Click here to enter text. ”5. Osmosis is how excess salts that accumulate in cells are transferred to the blood stream so they can be removed from the body. Explain how this process works in terms of tonicity. ” Click here to enter text. ”6. How is this experiment similar to the way a cell membrane works in the body? How is it different? Be specific with your response. ” Click here to enter text. ”7. If you wanted water to flow out of a tubing piece filled with a 50\% solution, what would the minimum concentration of the beaker solution need to be? Explain your answer using scientific evidence. ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 4: Osmosis - Tonicity and the Plant Cell Table 7: Water Displacement per Potato Sample Potato Potato Type and Observations Sample Initial Displacement (mL) Final Displacement (mL) Net Displacement (mL) 1 Click here to enter text. 1A Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 1 Click here to enter text. 1B Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 2 Click here to enter text. 2A Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 2 Click here to enter text. 2B Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Post-Lab Questions ”1. How did the physical characteristics of the potato vary before and after the experiment? Did it vary by potato type? ” Click here to enter text. ”2. What does the net change in the potato sample indicate? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. Different types of potatoes have varying natural sugar concentrations. Explain how this may influence the water potential of each type of potato. ” Click here to enter text. ”4. Based on the data from this experiment, hypothesize which potato has the highest natural sugar concentration. Explain your reasoning. ” Click here to enter text. ”5. Did water flow in or out of the plant cells (potato cells) in each of the samples examined? How do you know this? ” Click here to enter text. ”6. Would this experiment work with other plant cells? What about with animal cells? Why or why not? ” Click here to enter text. ”7. From what you know of tonicity, what can you say about the plant cells and the solutions in the test tubes? ” Click here to enter text. ”8. What do your results show about the concentration of the cytoplasm in the potato cells at the start of the experiment? ” Click here to enter text. ”9. If the potato is allowed to dehydrate by sitting in open air, would the potato cells be more likely to absorb more or less water? Explain. Click here to enter text. Lab 6 The Skeletal System BIO201L Student Name: Click here to enter text. Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): Click here to enter text. Pre-Lab Questions: ”1. List the functions of the skeletal system.” Click here to enter text.” 2. What material contributes the greatest to the compressive strength of bone? ” Click here to enter text.” 3. Briefly describe the process of bone remodeling. ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 1: Classification of Bones Table 6: Classification of Bones Bone Name Classification by Shape Classification by Location Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 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How are they different? How are they the same? ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 2: Digital Slide Image Examination—Bone Post-Lab Questions ”1. Label the arrows in the following digital slide images: ” ”Cortical Bone: ” A- Click here to enter text. B- Click here to enter text. C- Click here to enter text. D- Click here to enter text. ”Trabecular Bone: ” A- Click here to enter text. B- Click here to enter text. ”2. Compare and contrast cortical and trabecular bone. ” Click here to enter text. ”3. What is the purpose of cortical bone? What is the purpose of trabecular bone? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. What are trabeculae? What is their function? ” Click here to enter text. ”5. What are haversian systems? What is their function? ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 3: Virtual Model – The Axial Skeleton Insert screenshot of the coccyx: Insert screenshot of the sternum: Insert screenshot of the occipital condyle: Insert screenshot of the parietal bone: Post-Lab Questions ”1. What features are located medial to the cranium and the mandible? Identify the category here. How many individual items are included in this category? Hint: The answer is not a bone. Click here to enter text. ”2. Why aren’t teeth considered bones? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. Identify the two major bones which compose the head. ” Click here to enter text. ”4. To what bone does the right scapula attach? ” Click here to enter text. ”5. Is the left clavicle superior or inferior to the right scapula? ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 4: Physical Skeleton – The Axial Skeleton Table 12: Cervical Vertebrae Observations Vertebral Feature Observations Size of cervical vertebrae in comparison to those of the thoracic and lumbar region Click here to enter text. Shape of the vertebral foramen Click here to enter text. Spinous process of the C3 – C6 vertebrae Click here to enter text. Spinous process of the C7 vertebra Click here to enter text. Table 13: Thoracic Vertebrae Observations Vertebral Feature Observations Size and weight of the thoracic vertebrae in comparison to those of the cervical and lumbar region Click here to enter text. Shape of the vertebral body Click here to enter text. Appearance and projection direction of the spinous process Click here to enter text. Table 14: Lumbar Vertebrae Observations Vertebral Feature Observations Size of the lumbar vertebrae in comparison to those of the cervical and thoracic region Click here to enter text. Shape of the vertebral body Click here to enter text. Appearance and projection direction of the spinous process Click here to enter text. Table 15: Rib Feature Observations Rib Feature Observations Length of ribs 1 – 7 (do they increase or decrease in length?) Click here to enter text. Length of ribs 8 – 12 (do they increase or decrease in length?) Click here to enter text. Articulation of the ribs and thoracic vertebrae (notice the specific rib and vertebra that articulate) Click here to enter text. Post-Lab Questions ”1. What are the three components of the axial skeleton? Describe the function of each. ” Click here to enter text. ”2. On the skull below, fill in the blanks with the correct bone names. ” A- Click here to enter text. B- Click here to enter text. C- Click here to enter text. D- Click here to enter text. E- Click here to enter text. F- Click here to enter text. ”3. For the following bones, state whether they are cranial or facial bones and give their location. ” Bone Facial or Cranial Location Temporal Bones Click here to enter text. Mandible Click here to enter text. Vomer Click here to enter text. Zygomatic Bones Click here to enter text. Parietal Bones Click here to enter text. Ethmoid Bone Click here to enter text. Sphenoid Bone Click here to enter text. Lacrimal Bones Click here to enter text. ”4. What are the three regions of the vertebral column? Describe the general shape and size of the vertebrae in each region. ” Click here to enter text. ”5. What are the atlas and axis? What are their functions? ” Click here to enter text. ”6. On the vertebra below, fill in the blanks with the correct vertebral structure. ” A- Click here to enter text. B- Click here to enter text. C- Click here to enter text. D- Click here to enter text. E- Click here to enter text. 7. What is the purpose of the thoracic cage? ” Click here to enter text.” 8. Describe the three components of the sternum. ” Click here to enter text. 9. Describe the difference between true ribs, false ribs and floating ribs. ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 5: Virtual Model – The Appendicular Skeleton Insert screenshot of the radius: Insert screenshot of the scapula: Insert screenshot of the tarsus: Insert screenshot of the patella: Post-Lab Questions ”1. How many left metatarsals are there? ” Click here to enter text.” 2. Is the right fibula inferior or superior to the patella? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. Are the ossa digitorum or the ossa metatarsalia more medial? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. Which two bones attach to the patella? ” Click here to enter text. ”5. Identify the three bones which comprise the leg. ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 6: Physical Skeleton – The Appendicular Skeleton Post-Lab Questions ”1. What are the four parts of the upper extremity and the four parts of lower extremity of the appendicular skeleton?” Click here to enter text. ”2. Compare and contrast the size and function of the upper and lower extremities of the appendicular skeleton. ” Click here to enter text. ”3. What are the three fused bones that make up the coxae of the pelvic girdle? What is their location in relationship to one another? ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 7: Articulations Post-Lab Questions ”1. What two ways can joints be classified? What are the three classifications of each type? ” Click here to enter text. ”2. Fibrous joints are either sutures or syndesmoses. What is the difference between the two? Give examples of each type. ” Click here to enter text. ”3. A symphysis and synchondroses are two classifications of what type of joint? What are the differences between the two classifications? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. What allows synovial joints to be diarthrotic? ” Click here to enter text. ”5. For the following, match the correct synovial joint to the movement it produces. ” ”Pivot Joint” ”Gliding Joint” ”Ball and Socket Joint ” ”Condyloid Joint” ”Saddle Joint” ”Hinge Joint” Joint Articulating Bones Type of Synovial Joint Movement Elbow Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Knee Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Hip Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Ankle Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Wrist Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Experiment 11: Skeletal System of the Fetal Pig Table 31: Skeletal Region Observations Skeletal Region Observations Axial Skeleton Click here to enter text. Appendicular Skeleton Click here to enter text. Joints Click here to enter text. Post-Lab Questions ”1. What are some of the similarities and differences you noticed between the human skeletal system and the palpation of the fetal pig skeletal system? ” Click here to enter text. ”Insert photo of pig in dissection tray with your name and access code clearly visible in the background: ” Lab 3 Mitosis and Meiosis BIO201L Student Name: Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): Pre-Lab Questions ”1. What are chromosomes made of?” ”2. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. ” ”3. Cancer is a disease related to uncontrolled cell division. Investigate two known causes for these rapidly dividing cells and use this knowledge to invent a drug that would inhibit the growth of cancer cells. ” Experiment 1: Observation of Mitosis in a Plant Cell Table 1: Mitosis Predictions Predictions Click here to enter text. Supporting Evidence Click here to enter text. Table 2: Mitosis Data Chosen Image Click here to enter text. Stage Number of Cells in Stage Total Number of Cells Calculated \% of Time Spent in Stage Interphase Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Prophase Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Metaphase Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Anaphase Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Telophase Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Cytokinesis Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Table 3: Stage Drawings Cell Stage Drawing REMEMBER: Your drawings should have your name and access code handwritten in the background. Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Post-Lab Questions ”1. Label the arrows in the slide image below with the appropriate stage of the cell cycle. ” A- Click here to enter text. B- Click here to enter text. C- Click here to enter text. D- Click here to enter text. E- Click here to enter text. F- Click here to enter text. ”2. What stage were most of the onion root tip cells in? Why does this make sense? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. As a cell grows, what happens to its surface area : volume ratio? (Think of a balloon being blown up). How is this changing ratio related to cell division? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. What is the function of mitosis in a cell that is about to divide? ” Click here to enter text. ”5. What would happen if mitosis were uncontrolled? ” Click here to enter text. ”6. How accurate were your time predictions for each stage of the cell cycle? ” Click here to enter text. ”7. Discuss one observation that you found interesting while looking at the onion root tip cells.” Click here to enter text. Experiment 2: Tracking Chromosomes Through Mitosis Once you have completed the digital exercise, select the “Results Table” button at the bottom right-hand corner of the screen and select the “Generate PDF” button at the top of the following screen. Insert your download into this document by selecting the Insert > Object > Text from file. Resize if necessary. Post-Lab Questions 1. How many chromosomes were present before mitosis? Click here to enter text. 1. How many chromosomes did each of the daughter cells contain after mitosis? Click here to enter text. 1. Cite an example of a type of cell that undergoes mitosis. Why is it important for each daughter cell to contain information identical to the parent cell? Click here to enter text. 1. Human skin cells divide at a higher rate than neurons (nerve cells). Hypothesize why this may be. Click here to enter text. 1. Hypothesize what would happen if the sister chromatids did not split equally during anaphase of mitosis. Click here to enter text. Experiment 3: Following Chromosomal DNA Movement through Meiosis Part 1: Once you have completed the digital exercises, take screenshots and insert them below. Resize if necessary. Table 5a (Meiosis I): Table 5b (Meiosis II): Parts 2, 3, and 4: Once you have completed the digital exercise, select the “View Data Table” button at the bottom left-hand corner of the home screen. Review your table. If you would like to make any changes, select the “Return” button in the bottom right-hand corner. If you are satisfied with your answers, take a screenshot and insert it below. Resize if necessary: Post-Lab Questions How did crossing over affect the genetic content in the gametes? Use your results to support your answer. Click here to enter text. What is the ploidy of the daughter cells at the end of meiosis I? What about at the end of meiosis II? Click here to enter text. List two differences between meiosis I and meiosis II. Click here to enter text. Based on your observations in the digital exercise, what can you conclude about the severity of nondisjunction that occurs in meiosis I as opposed to meiosis II? Click here to enter text. Why is it necessary to reduce the number of chromosomes in gametes, but not in other cells? Click here to enter text. Blue whales have 44 chromosomes in every cell. Determine how many chromosomes you would expect to find in the following: ” ”Sperm Cell: ” Click here to enter text. ”Egg Cell: ” Click here to enter text. ”Daughter Cell from Mitosis: ” Click here to enter text. ”Daughter Cell from Meiosis II: ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 4: The Importance of Cell Cycle Control Data: 1. Click here to enter text. 2. Click here to enter text. 3. Click here to enter text. 4. Click here to enter text. 5. Click here to enter text. Post-Lab Questions ”1. Record your hypothesis from Step 1 in the Procedure section here. ” Click here to enter text. ”2. What do your results indicate about cell cycle control? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. Suppose a person developed a mutation in a somatic cell which diminishes the performance of the body’s natural cell cycle control proteins. This mutation resulted in cancer yet, but was effectively treated with a cocktail of cancer-fighting techniques. Is it possible for this person’s future children to inherit this cancer-causing mutation? Be specific when you explain why or why not. ” Click here to enter text. ”4. Why do cells which lack cell cycle control exhibit karyotypes which look physically different than cells with normal cell cycle. ” Click here to enter text. ”5. What are HeLa cells? Why are HeLa cells appropriate for this experiment? ” Click here to enter text. ”6. Research the function of the protein called p53. What does this function do? Explain how it can affect cell cycle control. ” Click here to enter text. ”7. What is the Philadelphia chromosome? How is this chromosome related to cancer? Identify how this chromosome appears physically different on a karyotype than it appears on a karyotype of normal chromosomes. ” Click here to enter text. Lab 8 The Nervous System BIO201L Student Name: Click here to enter text. Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): Click here to enter text. Pre-Lab Questions: ”1. What is the primary function of the nervous system?” Click here to enter text. ”2. Why does the cerebral cortex contain so many folds? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. What is a nerve impulse? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. What are Schwann cells and what do they form? ” Click here to enter text. ”5. What is an all-or-none response? ” Click here to enter text. ”6. What two effects might neurotransmitters have? ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 1: Microscopic Anatomy of the Nervous System Post-Lab Questions ”1. Label the arrows in the slide images below based on your observations from the experiment. ” A- Click here to enter text. B- Click here to enter text. C- Click here to enter text. D- Click here to enter text. ”2. What is the major function of the neuron? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. Are the nodes of Ranvier spaced equally along the axon? Why is this significant? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. Define depolarization. ” Click here to enter text. ”5. Describe how Schwann cells form the myelin sheath and the neurilemma. ” Click here to enter text. ”6. What determines whether a neuron is unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar? ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 2: Virtual Model – The Nervous System Post-Lab Questions ”1. Which feature is more superior, the sciatic nerve or the tibial nerve? ” Click here to enter text. ”2. What appendages is the radial nerve located in? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. Where is the subcostal nerve located? ” Click here to enter text. 4. What is the role of the cerebellum? Click here to enter text. 5. Which part of the brain regulates taste, touch, pain, and language comprehension? Click here to enter text. 6. You are a neurologist and are seeing a patient who was in a car accident and may have sustained brain damage. The patient is having trouble decoding visual information. What part of the brain may have sustained injury? Click here to enter text. Insert your screenshots from the virtual model of your: 6. a) Intercostal Nerve 6. b) Sciatic Nerve 11. a) Corpus Callosum 11. b) Cerebral Peduncle: Experiment 3: Cow Eye Dissection Post-Lab Questions ”1. How does the eye work? ” Click here to enter text. ”2. What is the hole in the center of the iris? What is its function? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. What are the material properties of the lens? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. What is the blind spot of the retina? ” Click here to enter text. ”5. What is the purpose of the reflective material in the choroid coat? What is it called? ” Click here to enter text. ”6. How did the image appear when you looked through the lens? ” Click here to enter text. ”Image of dissected eye with the lens removed with your name and access code handwritten clearly in the background: ” Experiment 4: Brain Mapping Post-Lab Questions ”1. Describe the function of three areas of the brain (you choose which areas you wish to discuss. ” Click here to enter text. ”Insert your swim cap photos here: Experiment 5: Sheep Brain Dissection Post-Lab Questions ”1. How does the sheep brain compare to the human brain? Name at least two differences. ” Click here to enter text. ”2. What two lobes does the central sulcus separate? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. How does the size of the olfactory bulb in sheep relate to the size in humans? What might this tell you about the sense of smell in the sheep’s survival, in particular about how it acquires food? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. What circulates through the ventricles? What is the function? ” Click here to enter text. ”5. Describe the function of each region of the cerebral cortex. ” Click here to enter text. ”Insert photo of the dissected sheep brain with your name and access code handwritten clearly in the background: ” Experiment 6: Reflexes Post-Lab Questions ”1. What is the papillary response of the right eye when a light was shone into the pupil? ” Click here to enter text. ”2. What is the consensual response (The response of the left eye)? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. What branch of the nervous system controls this response? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. Can this response be inhibited? ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 7: Reflexes (Part II) Table 2: Reflex Data Reflex Trial 1: Distance Caught (cm) Trial 2: Distance Caught (cm) Trial 3: Distance Caught (cm) Visual Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Verbal Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Tactile Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Post-Lab Questions ”1. Define what a reflex is. ” Click here to enter text. ”2. Name five essential components of a reflex arc. ” Click here to enter text. ”3. What does your data tell you about visual, verbal, and tactile responses? ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 8: Fetal Pig Dissection- Nervous System Post-Lab Questions ”1. Did you notice a covering on the spinal cord? What is it? ” Click here to enter text. ”2. Describe the properties of the vertebral column. Why are these important? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. What is the difference between white and gray matter? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. Research multiple sclerosis. What is the effect of this disease on the nervous system? ” Click here to enter text. ”Image of dissected fetal pig with spine exposed with your name and access code handwritten clearly in the background: ” Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L Student Name: Click here to enter text. Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): Click here to enter text. Pre-Lab Questions: ”1. What is a tissue?” Click here to enter text.” 2. What is the function of epithelial tissue? ” Click here to enter text.” 3. What is the function of connective tissue? ” Click here to enter text.” 4. What is the function of muscular tissue? ” Click here to enter text.” 5. What is the function of nervous tissue? ” Click here to enter text.” 6. Describe sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hairs with regard to the function of the skin. ” Click here to enter text.” 7. What is the function of melanin? ” Click here to enter text.” 8. List the similarities and differences of the layers of the epidermis. ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 1: Microscopic Slide Examination of Tissue ”Identify the following tissue slides: ” A- Click here to enter text. B- Click here to enter text. C- Click here to enter text. D- Click here to enter text. E- Click here to enter text. F- Click here to enter text. G- Click here to enter text. H- Click here to enter text. A) Epithelial Tissue Type B) Epithelial Tissue Type Connective Tissue C) Connective Tissue Type D) Connective Tissue Type E) Connective Tissue Type F) Muscular Tissue Type G) Muscular Tissue Type H) Unidentified Tissue Type Post-Lab Questions ”1. What is the difference between simple, stratified and pseudostratified epithelial tissue? ” Click here to enter text.” 2. Describe the cell shape of squamous, cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells. ” Click here to enter text.” 3. Does the number of cell layers or the cell shape play a role in the function of the epithelial tissue? Provide three examples. ” Click here to enter text. ”4. List and describe the different types of connective tissue. What similarities and differences did you notice when viewing the prepared slides? ” Click here to enter text. ”5. What are the three components of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue? ” Click here to enter text. ”6. What are the three types of cartilage? What are their similarities and differences? ” Click here to enter text. ”7. What are the three types of muscular tissue? For each, describe the cell shape, the type of control (voluntary or involuntary) and the presence or absence of striations. ” Click here to enter text. ”8. Looking at the nervous tissue, state the cell processes visible (i.e., axon) on the prepared slide. For each process, state the function. ” Click here to enter text. ”9. What is the difference between multipolar, bipolar and unipolar neurons? ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 2: Microscopic Slide Examination—Skin ”1. Label the arrows in the following slide image: ” A- Click here to enter text. B- Click here to enter text. C- Click here to enter text. D- Click here to enter text. ”2. Determine whether the following statements pertain to the epidermis or dermis. ” Statement Epidermis or Dermis ”This layer consists of the papillary layer and the reticular layer” Click here to enter text. ”Composed of keratinized stratified Squamous epithelium” Click here to enter text. ”Langerhans cell and Merkel cell reside in this layer” Click here to enter text. ”Composed of dense irregular connective tissue” Click here to enter text. ”The fingerprint pattern, unique to each individual, is created in this layer” Click here to enter text. ”Outermost layer of skin” Click here to enter text. ”This layer has laminated granules and keratohyalin granules within the stratum granulosum” Click here to enter text. ”The dense supply of blood allows this layer to play a part in body temperature regulation” Click here to enter text. ”3. List the five layers of the epidermis from most internal to most external and describe their function. ” Click here to enter text. ”4. List the two layers of the dermis from most internal to most external and describe their function. ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 3: Sweat Gland Distribution Table 2: Sweat Gland Distribution Body Region Sweat Glands/cm2 Right Anterior Forearm Click here to enter text. Right Palm Click here to enter text. Right Anterior Thigh Click here to enter text. Right Anterior Foot Click here to enter text. Post-Lab Questions ”1. What area of the body had the greatest density of sweat glands, based on your experimental results? What area had the lowest? Why do you think this is? ” Click here to enter text. ”2. What is the purpose of sweat glands? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. If you were to perform this same test on a friend, do you believe their results would be similar or different to yours? Why or why not? ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 4: Skin Receptors Table 3: Two-Point Discrimination Test Results Body Region Left-Side Caliper Measurement Right-Side Caliper Measurement Scalp Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Forehead Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Lips Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Front of Neck Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Back of Neck Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Shoulder Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Upper Arm Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Elbow Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Forearm Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Wrist Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Back of Hand Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Palm of Hand Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Tip of Thumb Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Tip of Index Finger Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Tip of Middle Finger Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Tip of Ring Finger Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Tip of Pinkie Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Post-Lab Questions ”1. Which region was most sensitive to this test? Which was least sensitive? ” Click here to enter text. ”2. Can you think of an advantage to having a greater distribution of touch receptors in the area that you found to be most sensitive? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. Was there a difference between the measurements of the left and right side of the body? Why or why not? ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 5: Introduction to the Fetal Pig Table 4: External Observation of the Fetal Pig Area Observations Skin Click here to enter text. Head Region Click here to enter text. Neck Region Click here to enter text. Trunk Region Click here to enter text. Tail Region (including sex of pig) Click here to enter text. Insert photo of pig in dissection tray with your name and access code clearly visible in the background:” Lab 9 The Endocrine System BIO201L Student Name: Click here to enter text. Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): Click here to enter text. Pre-Lab Questions ”1. What is the function of the endocrine system?” Click here to enter text. ”2. Research two types of hormones and describe the mode of action for each. ” Click here to enter text. ”3. Which gland is both endocrine and exocrine? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. Which hormones control the fight or flight response? ” Click here to enter text. ”5. What is type 1 diabetes and what is the treatment for this disease? ” Click here to enter text. ”6. Describe how Ca2+ levels in the blood are regulated by hormones. ” Click here to enter text. ”7. How do the nervous and endocrine systems work together to maintain homeostasis of the body? ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 1: Microscopic Anatomy of the Endocrine System Table 2: Experiment 1 Image Observations Image Type Image Observations Thyroid Gland Click here to enter text. Parathyroid Gland Click here to enter text. Pancreas Click here to enter text. Adrenal Gland Click here to enter text. Pituitary Gland Click here to enter text. Anterior Pituitary Gland Click here to enter text. Post-Lab Questions ”1. Label the items in the following slide images based on your observations. ” A- Click here to enter text. B- Click here to enter text. 2. Identify the indicated components in the slide image below. A- Click here to enter text. 3. Identify the indicated components in the slide image below. A- Click here to enter text. ”4. Define what a hormone is. ” Click here to enter text. ”5. How do hormones establish selectivity? ” Click here to enter text. ”6. Explain how insulin regulates glucose levels in the blood. ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 2: Stress Response Table 3: Effect of Temperature on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Time Heart Rate (beats/minute) Blood Pressure (mmHg; systolic/diastolic) Initial - Normal Temperature Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 30 Seconds in Ice Water Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 60 Seconds in Ice Water Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 90 Seconds in Ice Water Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 120 Seconds in Ice Water Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Final - Dry Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Table 4: Effect of Posture on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Time Heart Rate (beats/minute) Blood Pressure (mmHg) Initial - Sitting Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Initial – Standing Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 1 Minute Standing Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 2 Minutes Standing Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Final - 2 minutes Sitting Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Post-Lab Questions ”1. Write your hypothesis for the “Testing Temperature” portion of this experiment. Be sure to include how you think the decreased temperature will affect blood pressure and heart rate, and, why. ” Click here to enter text. ”2. Write your hypothesis for the “Testing Body Position” portion of this experiment. Be sure to include how you think blood pressure and heart rate will vary when you sit versus when you stand. ” Click here to enter text. ”3. Explain your results in terms of the endocrine system. Indicate how the endocrine system is involved in the physiological response to temperature and body position. ” Click here to enter text. ”4. Which glands are most likely to be involved with the physiological response caused in this experiment? Which hormones are most likely to be involved? ” Click here to enter text. ”5. How does this experiment demonstrate the “fight or flight” response? ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 3: Fetal Pig Dissection – Endocrine System Post-Lab Questions ”1. Describe the techniques utilized while dissecting the outer muscle layers of your pig. ” Click here to enter text. ”2. What surprised you about the internal anatomy of the pig? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. What is unique about the glands of the endocrine system? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. Explain the function of the thyroid gland and the hormones it secretes. Include how the release of hormone is regulated and what cells the hormone act on. ” Click here to enter text. ”Insert photo of your pig’s exposed pancreas with your name and access code handwritten clearly in the background: ” Lab 7 The Muscular System BIO201L Student Name: Click here to enter text. Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): Click here to enter text. Pre-Lab Questions ”1. How do banding patterns change when a muscle contracts?” Click here to enter text. ”2. What is the difference between a muscle organ, a muscle fiber, myofibril and a myofilament? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. Outline the molecular mechanism for skeletal muscle contraction. At what point is ATP used and why? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. Explain why rigor mortis occurs. ” Click here to enter text. . Experiment 1: Tendons and Ligaments Post-Lab Questions ”1. Label the arrows in the slide images below based on your observations from the experiment. ” A- Click here to enter text. B- Click here to enter text. C- Click here to enter text. D- Click here to enter text. E- Click here to enter text. F- Click here to enter text. ”2. How does the extra cellular matrix of connective tissues contribute to its function? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. Why are tendons and ligament tissues difficult to heal? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. What difference do you see between the tendon – muscle insertion image and the tendon image? ” Click here to enter text. ”5. What differences do you see between the tendon and ligament sections? ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 2: The Neuromuscular Junction Post-Lab Questions ”1. Are there few or many nuclei at the end plate? ” Click here to enter text. ”2. What is a motor unit? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. How is a greater force generated (in terms or motor unit recruitment)? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. What types of sensors are present within the muscle to identify how much force is generated? ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 3: Muscle Fatigue Table 2: Experimental Counts Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Predicted Value Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Actual Value Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Post-Lab Questions ”1. How did the predicted results compare to the actual results? ” Click here to enter text. ”2. Did you notice any changes in the number of repetitions you could perform, or how your hand felt after each of the trials? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. Explain the actions that were occurring at the cellular level to produce this movement. Include sources of energy and any possible effect of muscle fatigue. ” Click here to enter text. ”4. Hypothesize what would happen if blood flow was restricted to the hand when this experiment is performed. ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 4: Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System Table 3: Gross Anatomy Data Movement Muscle(s) Activated Action(s) of Muscle(s) Forearm Extended (Step 1) Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Fingers Extended and Splayed (Step 1) Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Fingers Retracted (Step 1) Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Forearm Pressed Down Upon (Step 2) Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Elbow Bent (Step 3) Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Arm Raised to Side with Heavy Object (Step 4) Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Arm Extended Back with Heavy Object (Step 4) Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. (lower limbs; student selects action…) Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. (lower limbs; student selects action…) Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. (lower limbs; student selects action…) Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. (lower limbs; student selects action…) Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. (lower limbs; student selects action…) Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. (lower limbs; student selects action…) Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. (lower limbs; student selects action…) Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Post-Lab Questions Label the human muscle diagram. A - Click here to enter text. B - Click here to enter text. C - Click here to enter text. D - Click here to enter text. E - Click here to enter text. F - Click here to enter text. G - Click here to enter text. H - Click here to enter text. Which muscle(s) were used to extend your arms backward? Click here to enter text. Which muscle(s) were used to extend and splay your fingers outward? Click here to enter text. Experiment 5: ATP and Muscle Fatigue Table 4: Muscle Fatigue Data Trial Time (seconds) Trial 1 Click here to enter text. Trial 2 Click here to enter text. Trial 3 Click here to enter text. Post-Lab Questions ”1. What happened to the time intervals between Trial 1 and Trial 3? What caused this change? ” Click here to enter text. ”2. Identify three muscles which were engaged during the wall-sit. ” Click here to enter text. ”3. Explain the biochemical reasoning behind muscle fatigue. ” Click here to enter text. Experiment 6: The Virtual Model – The Muscular System (Upper Body) Insert screenshot of the latissimus dorsi muscle: Insert screenshot of the greater pectoral muscle: Insert screenshot of the brachial muscle: Post-Lab Questions ”1. What is the scientific term for the muscles of the mouth? ” Click here to enter text. ”2. What is the scientific name of the muscle that facilitates the raising of the lower lip? Is it on the ventral or dorsal side of the body? Click here to enter text. ”3. Which muscle is deeper in the body: the internal oblique muscle or the transverse abdominal muscle? Click here to enter text. 4. Is the trapezius muscle located in the abdomen, back, head, neck or thorax? ” Click here to enter text. ”5. What muscle is more medial, the deltoid muscle or the greater pectoral muscle? Click here to enter text. Experiment 7: The Virtual Model – The Muscular System (Lower Body) Insert screenshot of the semitendinous muscle: Insert screenshot of the soleus muscle: Insert screenshot of the gracilis muscle: Post-Lab Questions 1. What is the role of the long extensor muscle of the toes? Which toes does it control? Click here to enter text. What is an adductor muscle? List three examples of adductor muscles here. Click here to enter text. Is the gracilis muscle located in the foot, hip, leg, or thigh muscle group? Click here to enter text. Relate the location of the semitendinous muscle and the greater gluteal muscle. Click here to enter text. Which muscle is most distal: the pectineal muscle, the soleus muscle, or the abductor muscle of the great toe? Click here to enter text. Experiment 8: Fetal Pig Dissection - Muscular System Table 5: Experimental Data Muscle Origin Insertion Movement Pectoralis major Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Latissimus dorsi Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Deltoids Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Rectus abdominis Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Transverse abdominis Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Gluteus medius Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Post-Lab Questions ”1. Describe the tissue that covers muscles. ” Click here to enter text. ”2. How many layers of abdominal muscle are there? ” Click here to enter text. ”3. What direction do the muscle fibers of the external oblique run? ” Click here to enter text. ”4. Why are muscle fibers considered excitable? ” Click here to enter text. ”5. Why is it important to have both flexors and extensors? ” Click here to enter text. ”6. How can muscle mass be influenced by training or age? ” Click here to enter text. ”Insert image of pig with skin removed with your name and kit code clearly visible in the background: ” Lab 2 Cell Structure and Function BIO201L Student Name: Click here to enter text. Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): Click here to enter text. Pre-Lab Questions: “1. Identify the major similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. “ Click here to enter text. “2. Where is the DNA housed in a prokaryotic cell? Where is it housed in a eukaryotic cell? “ Click here to enter text. “3. Name three structures which provide support and protection in a eukaryotic cell. “ Click here to enter text. Experiment 1: Cell Structure and Function Post-Lab Questions “1. Label each of the arrows in the following slide images: “ A- Click here to enter text. B- Click here to enter text. Onion root tip, 1000x. “2. What is the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum? “ Click here to enter text. “3. Would an animal cell be able to survive without a mitochondria? Why or why not? “ Click here to enter text. “4. What is the function of a lysosome? “ Click here to enter text. Experiment 2: Exploring Cell Size Record the cell radius and time to center of the cell in Table 2. Then, calculate the surface area, volume, and surface area:volume ratio (equations provided below). Table 2: Surface Area and Volume in Relation to Cell Size Radius (µm) Surface Area (µm2) Volume (µm3) Surface Area:Volume Ratio Time to Center of the Cell (s) Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. Click here to enter text. 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Create a graph of the time to the center of the cell as a function of the surface area:volume ratio. 2. How did the surface area affect diffusion to the center of the cell? What about volume? What about the surface area-to-volume ratio? Click here to enter text. “3. How does this experiment demonstrate the need for larger cells to divide? “ Click here to enter text.