Fluent Essays

instructions through chat SCHOOL, COMMUNITY, AND FAMILY Human Exceptionality TWELFTH EDITION Michael L. Hardman University of Utah M. Winston Egan Brigham Young University Clifford J. Drew University of Utah with contributions from Jayne McGuire Humboldt State University Tina Taylor Dyches Brigham Young University Gordon S. Gibb Brigham Young University Carol Hawkins Solomon Brigham Young University Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States 00976_fm_rev03.indd 1 19/08/15 11:39 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. portant otice e ia content reference ithin the pro ct escription or the pro ct te t a not e availa le in the e oo version Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Printed in Canada Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2015 © 2017, 2014 Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Human Exceptionality: School, Community, and Family, Twelfth Edition Michael L. Hardman, M. Winston Egan, Clifford J. Drew Product Director: Marta Lee-Perriard Product Manager: Mark Kerr Content Developer: Julia White Product Assistant: Valerie Kraus Marketing Manager: Christine Sosa Content Project Manager: Samen Iqbal Art Director: Andrei Pasternak Manufacturing Planner: Doug Bertke Intellectual Property Analyst: Jennifer Nonenmacher Intellectual Property Project Manager: Brittani Morgan Photo Researcher: Hemalatha Dhanapal Text Researcher: Kavitha Balasundaram Copy Editor: Heather McElwain Production Service: Jill Traut, MPS Limited Cover and Text Designer: Diane Beasley Cover Image Credit: Anthony Gomez/ Creativity Explored Compositor: MPS Limited For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2015935646 Student Edition: ISBN: 978-1-305-50097-6 Loose-leaf Edition: ISBN: 978-1-305-63956-0 Cengage Learning 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at www.cengage.com. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. 00976_fm_rev03.indd 2 19/08/15 11:39 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. WCN: 02-200-203 Dedication This book is dedicated to people with differing abilities everywhere, who have risen to the challenge of living in a world that is sometimes nurturing, but all too often ambivalent. To our spouses, Monica, Linda, and Linda, our loving appreciation for being so patient and caring during the writing of this 12th edition and the more than 30 years of writing, rewriting, and revising this text. Their insightful contributions and constant support have been invaluable to the quality and success of this book. M L H M W E C J D 00976_fm_rev03.indd 3 19/08/15 11:39 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 00976_fm_rev03.indd 4 19/08/15 11:39 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Brief Contents v PART 1 THROUGH THE LIFESPAN 2 CHAPTER 1 Understanding Exceptionalities in the 21st Century 2 CHAPTER 2 Education for All 24 CHAPTER 3 Inclusion and Multidisciplinary Collaboration in the Early Childhood and Elementary School Years 48 CHAPTER 4 Secondary Education and Transition Planning 78 PART 2 PERSPECTIVES ON DIVERSITY AND THE FAMILY 94 CHAPTER 5 Cultural and Linguistic Diversity 94 CHAPTER 6 Exceptionalities and Families 122 PART 3 PEOPLE WHO ARE EXCEPTIONAL 148 CHAPTER 7 Learning Disabilities 148 CHAPTER 8 Emotional/Behavioral Disorders 176 CHAPTER 9 Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 204 CHAPTER 10 Communication Disorders 230 CHAPTER 11 Autism Spectrum Disorders 262 CHAPTER 12 Severe and Multiple Disabilities 292 CHAPTER 13 Sensory Disabilities: Hearing and Vision Loss 312 CHAPTER 14 Physical Disabilities and Other Health Disorders 354 PART 4 EXCEPTIONAL GIFTS AND TALENTS 396 CHAPTER 15 Gifted, Creative, and Talented 396 00976_fm_rev03.indd 5 19/08/15 11:39 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. vi Contents Guide to Selected Text Features xiv About the Authors xvii Preface xix PART 1 Through the Lifespan 2 CHAPTER 1 Understanding Exceptionalities in the 21st Century 2 Snapshot Disabled or Differently Abled 3 A Changing Era in the Lives of People with Disabilities 4 1-1 Why Label People? 4 1-2 Three Approaches to Understanding Human Differences 5 1-2a A Developmental Approach 5 1-2b A Cultural Approach 6 1-2c Self-Labeling 6 Reflect on This A Few Famous People Who Are Differently Abled (Yet Labeled As Having a Disability) 7 1-2d The Effects of Being Labeled 8 Learning Through Social Media “Spread the Word to End the Word!” 8 1-3 Changing Societal Views on People with Disabilities: From Discrimination to Inclusion 9 1-3a Advocating for Change 10 1-4 The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 12 Reflect on This One City’s Response to ADA 13 Reflect on This The ADA: 20 Years Later 14 1-4a The ADA Definition of Disability 14 1-4b Major Provisions of ADA 15 1-5 The Role of Health Care, Psychology, and Social Services Professionals in the Lives of People with Disabilities 15 1-5a The Role of Health Care Professionals 15 1-5b The Role of Psychologists 17 1-5c The Role of Social Services Professionals 18 Looking Toward a Bright Future 19 Case Study on Embracing Diversity Keani 21 Chapter Review 22 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 1 23 Mastery Activities and Assignments 23 CHAPTER 2 Education for All 24 Snapshot Tara and Her 8 Tips for New Special Education Teachers 25 A Changing Era in the Lives of Students with Disabilities 26 2-1 Educational Services for Students with Disabilities in the 20th Century 26 2-1a Early Special Education Programs 27 2-1b Education as a Privilege but Not a Right 27 2-1c John F. Kennedy and the Expanding Role of National Government 28 2-2 The Right to Education 28 2-3 The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 29 2-3a What Are Special Education and Related Services? 30 2-3b Who Is Eligible for Special Education and Related Services? 30 2-3c Major Provisions of IDEA 31 Learning Through Social Media 10 Helpful and Compassionate Comments Heard at an IEP Meeting 33 2-4 The Special Education Referral, Assessment, Planning, and Placement Process 36 2-4a Phase 1: Initiating the Referral 36 2-4b Phase 2: Assessing Student Eligibility and Educational Need 38 2-4c Phase 3: Developing the Individualized Education Program (IEP) 38 2-4d Phase 4: Determining the Student’s Educational Placement in the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) 39 Case Study on Embracing Diversity Yasmeen 42 2-5 Educating Students with Disabilities in the 21st Century: From Access to  Accountability 42 2-6 Section 504/ADA and Reasonable Accommodations 44 Looking Toward a Bright Future 45 Chapter Review 46 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 2 47 Mastery Activities and Assignments 47 00976_fm_rev03.indd 6 19/08/15 11:39 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. CO N T E N T S vii CHAPTER 3 Inclusion and Multidisciplinary Collaboration in the Early Childhood and Elementary School Years 48 A Changing Era in the Lives of Students with Disabilities 49 3-1 Inclusive Education 49 Snapshot Matt 49 3-2 Characteristics of Evidence-Based Inclusive Schools 51 3-2a Diversity, Acceptance, and Belonging 51 3-2b Formal and Natural Supports 51 3-2c Age-Appropriate Classrooms in a Neighborhood School 51 3-3 Multidisciplinary Collaboration 52 3-3a Parents as Valued Partners 52 3-3b Sharing the Responsibility 53 3-3c Multidisciplinary School-Wide Assistance Teams 53 3-3d Working Together as a Professional and Parent Team 53 Reflect on This What’s My Role on the Multidisciplinary School-Wide Assistance Team? 54 3-3e Peer Support and Cooperative Learning 55 Learning Through Social Media Is There a Role for Social Media in Special Education? 56 3-4 The Early Childhood Years 56 Snapshot Yvonne: The Early Childhood Years 57 3-4a Importance of Early Intervention for Young Children and Families 57 3-4b Evidence-Based Instructional Approaches for Preschool-Age Children 58 3-5 The Elementary School Years 65 3-5a Meeting Student Needs in an Inclusive Classroom through a General Education/ Special Education Partnership 65 Case Study on Embracing Diversity Ricardo 66 3-5b Evidence-Based Practices in Inclusive Elementary School Programs 68 Assistive Technology The Strategy Tutor 74 Looking Toward a Bright Future 74 Chapter Review 75 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 3 77 Mastery Activities and Assignments 77 CHAPTER 4 Secondary Education and Transition Planning 78 A Changing Era in the Lives of People with Disabilities 79 Snapshot Living with NO Boundaries: Meet Hector 79 4-1 Research on the Lives of Adults with Disabilities 80 4-1a High School Completion and Access to Valued Postschool Outcomes 80 4-1b Employment 81 4-1c Closing the Gap: Transition Planning and Services 81 Reflect on This Meet Ellie and Kari and Their “Education for All” Approach to Teaching Math in a High School Classroom 81 4-2 IDEA Transition Planning Requirements 82 4-2a Other Federal Laws Linked to IDEA and Transition Planning 82 4-3 Person-Centered Transition Planning 83 4-3a Facilitating Student and Parent Involvement 83 Case Study on Embracing Diversity LoQuisha 83 4-3b Working with Adult Services 85 Learning Through Social Media Reflections on Inclusive Education and Parent Involvement at the Secondary Level 86 4-4 Preparing Students for Adult Life: Instructional Focus for College and Career Readiness 87 4-4a Teaching Self-Determination 87 4-4b Teaching Academic Skills and Access to the General Curriculum 88 4-4c Teaching Adaptive and Functional Life Skills 89 4-4d College Preparation 89 Reflect on This Tips and Strategies for Co-Teaching at the Secondary Level 90 4-4e Employment Preparation 90 Looking Toward a Bright Future 91 Chapter Review 92 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 4 93 Mastery Activities and Assignments 93 00976_fm_rev03.indd 7 19/08/15 11:40 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. viii Mastery Activities and Assignments 121 CHAPTER 6 Exceptionalities and Families 122 6-1 A Changing Era in the Lives of People with Disabilities 123 Snapshot Teela 123 6-2 Family Systems Approach 124 6-2a Positive Impacts of Children with Disabilities on Their Families 125 6-2b Family Challenges Related to Raising Children with Disabilities 126 6-3 Parental Reactions 126 6-3a Determining a Diagnosis 127 Learning Through Social Media Shasta Kearns Moore 127 6-3b Experiencing Shock 128 6-3c Coming to a Realization 129 6-3d Moving Away from Retreat 129 Snapshot Autism in the Family 130 6-3e Coming to Acknowledgment 130 6-4 Family Relationships 131 6-4a Spousal or Partner Relationships 131 Reflect on This Friday’s Kids Respite 132 6-4b Mother–Child Relationships 133 Case Study on Embracing Diversity Halgan 133 6-4c Father–Child Relationships 134 6-4d Sibling Relationships 135 6-4e Extended Family Relationships 137 6-5 Providing Nurturing and Competent Family Support 138 6-5a Family-Centered Support, Services, and Programs 139 6-5b Early Childhood Years 139 6-5c Elementary School Years 140 6-5d Secondary School Years 140 6-5e Transition to the Adult Years 141 6-5f Parents, Families, and Partnerships 141 6-5g Strengthening Family Supports 141 6-5h Positive Behavior Support 141 6-5i Elements of Successful Partnerships 142 6-5j Training for Families 143 6-5k Training for Siblings, Grandparents, and Extended Family Members 144 6-5l Training for Professionals 144 6-5m Cultures and Disability Perspectives for Professionals 144 PART 2 Perspectives on Diversity and the Family 94 CHAPTER 5 Cultural and Linguistic Diversity 94 5-1 A Changing Era in the Lives of Students with Disabilities from Culturally and/or Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds 95 Snapshot José 95 5-2 The Purposes and Approaches of Bilingual/ESL Education and Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Education 96 5-2a Dual-Language Immersion/ESL Education and Its Role 96 5-2b Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Education and Its Role 97 5-3 Population Trends Among Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Learners in the United States 98 5-3a Cultural and Ethnic Diversity 99 5-3b Language Diversity 99 5-3c Poverty 100 5-3d Migrancy 101 5-4 Effect of Population Trends on Schools 102 5-4a Language Learning and Schools 102 5-4b Poverty and Schools 104 5-4c Migrancy and Schools 105 5-5 Decreasing Disproportionality of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Children in Special Education 105 Learning Through Social Media Edutopia on Culturally Responsive Teaching 106 5-5a Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Teaching 107 5-5b Increasing Parent Involvement 110 5-5c Nondiscriminatory and Multidisciplinary Collaboration 111 5-5d Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Assessment 112 5-5e Language Acquisition 114 5-5f Proper Training of Professionals 114 5-6 Culturally Responsive Special Education 115 Case Study on Embracing Diversity Ana 117 Looking Toward a Bright Future 118 Chapter Review 119 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 5 121 CO N T E N T S 00976_fm_rev03.indd 8 19/08/15 11:40 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. CO N T E N T S ix Assistive Technology Software for Writing 167 7-6b Adolescent Education and Transition to Adulthood 168 Case Study on Embracing Diversity Alice Revisited 170 7-6c Multidisciplinary Collaboration: Education and Other Services 171 Looking Toward a Bright Future 173 Chapter Review 174 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 7 175 Mastery Activities and Assignments 175 CHAPTER 8 Emotional/Behavioral Disorders 176 Snapshot Jennifer 177 8-1 A Changing Era in the Lives of People with Emotional/Behavioral Disorders 178 8-2 Definitions and Classifications of Emotional/ Behavioral Disorders 178 8-2a Classification Systems 179 8-2b A Statistically Derived Classification System 180 8-2c Clinically Derived Classification Systems 180 Learning Through Social Media Bring Change 2 Mind 182 8-3 Characteristics and Prevalence of Emotional/ Behavioral Disorders 183 8-3a Intelligence 183 8-3b Social–Adaptive Behavior 183 8-3c Academic Achievement 186 8-4 Causes of Emotional/Behavioral Disorders 187 8-5 Identification and Assessment of Emotional/Behavioral Disorders 188 8-5a Screening, Pre-Referral Interventions, and Referral for Assessment 188 Case Study on Embracing Diversity Leon 192 8-6 Interventions and Treatments for Emotional/Behavioral Disorders 193 8-6a Multidisciplinary Collaboration: Systems of Care 193 8-6b Early Childhood Education 194 8-6c Elementary Education 195 Community Support for Lifelong Inclusion People with Emotional/Behavioral Disorders (EBD) 196 Reflect on This Henry: Wraparound 200 8-6d Adolescent Education and Transition to Adulthood 201 Looking Toward a Bright Future 145 Chapter Review 146 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 6 147 Mastery Activities and Assignments 147 PART 3 People Who Are Exceptional 148 CHAPTER 7 Learning Disabilities 148 7-1 A Changing Era in the Lives of People with Learning Disabilities 149 Snapshot Mathew 149 7-2 Definitions and Classifications of Learning Disabilities 150 7-2a Definitions 150 7-2b Classification 152 Reflect on This Redefining Learning Disabilities Using a Response to Intervention Model 153 7-3 Characteristics and Prevalence of Learning Disabilities 154 7-3a Academic Achievement 154 Reflect on This Dyslexia: Searching for Causes 156 7-3b Intelligence 158 7-3c Learning Characteristics 159 7-3d Social and Emotional Characteristics 160 7-3e Hyperactivity 160 7-4 Causes of Learning Disabilities 160 7-4a Neurological Factors 161 7-4b Maturational Delay 161 7-4c Genetic Factors 161 7-4d Environmental Factors 161 7-5 Identification and Assessment of Learning Disabilities 161 7-5a Formal and Informal Assessment 161 7-5b Screening 162 7-5c Intelligence 163 7-5d Adaptive Skills 163 7-5e Academic Achievement 163 7-6 Interventions and Treatments for People with Learning Disabilities 163 Snapshot Alice 164 7-6a Elementary Education Programs 164 Learning Through Social Media Teen Use of Social Media on the Rise 166 00976_fm_rev03.indd 9 19/08/15 11:40 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. x Case Study on Embracing Diversity Lucy 226 Looking Toward a Bright Future 227 Chapter Review 227 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 9 229 Mastery Activities and Assignments 229 CHAPTER 10 Communication Disorders 230 10-1 A Changing Era in the Lives of People with Communication Disorders 231 10-2 Communication Development 231 Snapshot Trinity 231 10-2a Expressive and Receptive Language 232 10-2b Speech and Language 233 10-2c Speech and Language Development 234 10-3 Language Disorders 236 10-3a Definitions and Classifications of Language Disorders 237 10-3b Characteristics and Prevalence of Language Disorders 237 10-3c Causes and Risk Factors of Language Disorders 238 10-3d Identification and Assessment of Language Disorders 239 10-3e Interventions and Treatments for Language Disorders 240 Learning Through Social Media Treating Language Delays 241 Assistive Technology World-Renowned Astrophysicist Stephen Hawking’s Use of Assistive Technology 242 10-4 Speech Sound Disorders 242 10-4a Definitions and Classifications of Speech Sound Disorders 242 10-4b Characteristics and Prevalence of Speech Sound Disorders 242 10-4c Causes and Risk Factors of Speech Sound Disorders 243 10-4d Identification and Assessment of Speech Sound Disorders 245 10-4e Interventions and Treatments for Speech Sound Disorders 245 Reflect on This Timothy: “I Think I Talk Okay, Don’ You?” 247 Case Study on Embracing Diversity Emilio 247 10-5 Child Onset Fluency Disorder 248 10-5a Definitions and Classifications of Child Onset Fluency Disorder 248 Assistive Technology SymTrend ADL Activities for Daily Living 201 Looking Toward a Bright Future 202 Chapter Review 202 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 8 203 Mastery Activities and Assignments 203 CHAPTER 9 Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 204 9-1 A Changing Era in the Lives of People with Intellectual Disabilities 205 Snapshot Actress Lauren Potter 205 9-2 Definitions and Classification of Intellectual Disabilities 206 9-2a Definition 206 9-2b Classification 208 9-3 Characteristics and Prevalence of Intellectual Disabilities 209 9-3a Characteristics Common to Children and Youth with Intellectual Disabilities 209 Learning Through Social Media E-Buddies 210 Reflect on This Eunice Kennedy Shriver: A Celebration of an Extraordinary Life Dedicated to People with Intellectual Disabilities 212 9-3b Prevalence of Intellectual Disabilities 213 9-4 Causes of Intellectual Disabilities 214 9-4a Genetic Conditions 214 9-4b Problems during Pregnancy 215 9-4c Problems during Birth 216 9-4d Problems after Birth 216 9-4e Poverty-Related Deprivation 216 9-5 Identification and Assessment of Intellectual Disabilties 217 9-6 Interventions and Treatments for Intellectual Disability 217 9-6a Early Childhood Education 218 9-6b Elementary Education 218 Community Support for Lifelong Inclusion People with Intellectual Disabilities 221 9-6c Adolescent Education and Transition to Adulthood 223 Assistive Technology Assistive Technology for People with Intellectual Disabilities 224 CO N T E N T S 00976_fm_rev03.indd 10 19/08/15 11:40 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. CO N T E N T S xi 11-3 Characteristics and Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders 268 11-3a Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorders 268 Snapshot Krista: A Girl with Asperger’s Syndrome 269 11-3b Other Conditions Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders 271 11-3c Unique Strengths 272 11-3d Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders 272 Reflect on This Donald T.: First Child Diagnosed with Autism 273 Case Study on Embracing Diversity Identifying Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Children with ASD 274 11-4 Causes and Risk Factors of Autism Spectrum Disorders 275 11-5 Identification and Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders 275 11-6 Interventions and Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorders 276 11-6a Early Childhood Education 276 11-6b Elementary Education 277 11-6c Adolescent Education and Transition to Adulthood 277 11-6d Evidence-Based Practices 278 Assistive Technology Apps for Autism 280 Learning Through Social Media Assessing and Treating ASD 284 Snapshot My Thoughts about the Education of High- Functioning Individuals with Autism 285 11-6e Psychological and Medical Interventions 286 Community Support for Lifelong Inclusion People with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) 287 Looking Toward a Bright Future 289 Chapter Review 290 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 11 291 Mastery Activities and Assignments 291 CHAPTER 12 Severe and Multiple Disabilities 292 12-1 A Changing Era in the Lives of People with Multiple Disabilities 293 Snapshot Sarina 293 12-2 Definitions of People with Severe and Multiple Disabilities 294 12-2a The IDEA Definitions of Multiple Disabilities 295 12-2b Deaf–Blindness 295 Reflect on This Mat’s Story: Joining the Community 296 10-5b Characteristics and Prevalence of Child Onset Fluency Disorder 248 10-5c Causes and Risk Factors of Child Onset Fluency Disorder 249 10-5d Identification and Assessment of Child Onset Fluency Disorder 249 Snapshot Windows to the World: A True Story 250 10-5e Interventions and Treatments for Child Onset Fluency Disorder 251 10-6 Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder 251 10-6a Definitions and Classifications of Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder 252 10-6b Characteristics and Prevalence of Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder 252 10-6c Causes and Risk Factors of Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder 253 10-6d Identification and Assessment of Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder 253 10-6e Interventions and Treatments for Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder 254 10-7 Voice and Resonance Disorders 255 10-7a Definitions and Classifications of Voice and Resonance Disorders 255 10-7b Characteristics and Prevalence of Voice and Resonance Disorders 255 10-7c Causes and Risk Factors of Voice and Resonance Disorders 256 10-7d Identification and Assessment of Voice and Resonance Disorders 257 10-7e Interventions and Treatments for Voice and Resonance Disorders 257 Community Support for Lifelong Inclusion People with Communication Disorders 258 Looking Toward a Bright Future 259 Chapter Review 259 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 10 261 Mastery Activities and Assignments 261 CHAPTER 11 Autism Spectrum Disorders 262 11-1 A Changing Era in the Lives of People with Autism Spectrum … SCHOOL, COMMUNITY, AND FAMILY Human Exceptionality TWELFTH EDITION Michael L. Hardman University of Utah M. Winston Egan Brigham Young University Clifford J. Drew University of Utah with contributions from Jayne McGuire Humboldt State University Tina Taylor Dyches Brigham Young University Gordon S. Gibb Brigham Young University Carol Hawkins Solomon Brigham Young University Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States 00976_fm_rev03.indd 1 19/08/15 11:39 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. portant otice e ia content reference ithin the pro ct escription or the pro ct te t a not e availa le in the e oo version Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Printed in Canada Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2015 © 2017, 2014 Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Human Exceptionality: School, Community, and Family, Twelfth Edition Michael L. Hardman, M. Winston Egan, Clifford J. Drew Product Director: Marta Lee-Perriard Product Manager: Mark Kerr Content Developer: Julia White Product Assistant: Valerie Kraus Marketing Manager: Christine Sosa Content Project Manager: Samen Iqbal Art Director: Andrei Pasternak Manufacturing Planner: Doug Bertke Intellectual Property Analyst: Jennifer Nonenmacher Intellectual Property Project Manager: Brittani Morgan Photo Researcher: Hemalatha Dhanapal Text Researcher: Kavitha Balasundaram Copy Editor: Heather McElwain Production Service: Jill Traut, MPS Limited Cover and Text Designer: Diane Beasley Cover Image Credit: Anthony Gomez/ Creativity Explored Compositor: MPS Limited For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2015935646 Student Edition: ISBN: 978-1-305-50097-6 Loose-leaf Edition: ISBN: 978-1-305-63956-0 Cengage Learning 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at www.cengage.com. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. 00976_fm_rev03.indd 2 19/08/15 11:39 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. WCN: 02-200-203 Dedication This book is dedicated to people with differing abilities everywhere, who have risen to the challenge of living in a world that is sometimes nurturing, but all too often ambivalent. To our spouses, Monica, Linda, and Linda, our loving appreciation for being so patient and caring during the writing of this 12th edition and the more than 30 years of writing, rewriting, and revising this text. Their insightful contributions and constant support have been invaluable to the quality and success of this book. M L H M W E C J D 00976_fm_rev03.indd 3 19/08/15 11:39 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 00976_fm_rev03.indd 4 19/08/15 11:39 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Brief Contents v PART 1 THROUGH THE LIFESPAN 2 CHAPTER 1 Understanding Exceptionalities in the 21st Century 2 CHAPTER 2 Education for All 24 CHAPTER 3 Inclusion and Multidisciplinary Collaboration in the Early Childhood and Elementary School Years 48 CHAPTER 4 Secondary Education and Transition Planning 78 PART 2 PERSPECTIVES ON DIVERSITY AND THE FAMILY 94 CHAPTER 5 Cultural and Linguistic Diversity 94 CHAPTER 6 Exceptionalities and Families 122 PART 3 PEOPLE WHO ARE EXCEPTIONAL 148 CHAPTER 7 Learning Disabilities 148 CHAPTER 8 Emotional/Behavioral Disorders 176 CHAPTER 9 Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 204 CHAPTER 10 Communication Disorders 230 CHAPTER 11 Autism Spectrum Disorders 262 CHAPTER 12 Severe and Multiple Disabilities 292 CHAPTER 13 Sensory Disabilities: Hearing and Vision Loss 312 CHAPTER 14 Physical Disabilities and Other Health Disorders 354 PART 4 EXCEPTIONAL GIFTS AND TALENTS 396 CHAPTER 15 Gifted, Creative, and Talented 396 00976_fm_rev03.indd 5 19/08/15 11:39 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. 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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. vi Contents Guide to Selected Text Features xiv About the Authors xvii Preface xix PART 1 Through the Lifespan 2 CHAPTER 1 Understanding Exceptionalities in the 21st Century 2 Snapshot Disabled or Differently Abled 3 A Changing Era in the Lives of People with Disabilities 4 1-1 Why Label People? 4 1-2 Three Approaches to Understanding Human Differences 5 1-2a A Developmental Approach 5 1-2b A Cultural Approach 6 1-2c Self-Labeling 6 Reflect on This A Few Famous People Who Are Differently Abled (Yet Labeled As Having a Disability) 7 1-2d The Effects of Being Labeled 8 Learning Through Social Media “Spread the Word to End the Word!” 8 1-3 Changing Societal Views on People with Disabilities: From Discrimination to Inclusion 9 1-3a Advocating for Change 10 1-4 The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 12 Reflect on This One City’s Response to ADA 13 Reflect on This The ADA: 20 Years Later 14 1-4a The ADA Definition of Disability 14 1-4b Major Provisions of ADA 15 1-5 The Role of Health Care, Psychology, and Social Services Professionals in the Lives of People with Disabilities 15 1-5a The Role of Health Care Professionals 15 1-5b The Role of Psychologists 17 1-5c The Role of Social Services Professionals 18 Looking Toward a Bright Future 19 Case Study on Embracing Diversity Keani 21 Chapter Review 22 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 1 23 Mastery Activities and Assignments 23 CHAPTER 2 Education for All 24 Snapshot Tara and Her 8 Tips for New Special Education Teachers 25 A Changing Era in the Lives of Students with Disabilities 26 2-1 Educational Services for Students with Disabilities in the 20th Century 26 2-1a Early Special Education Programs 27 2-1b Education as a Privilege but Not a Right 27 2-1c John F. Kennedy and the Expanding Role of National Government 28 2-2 The Right to Education 28 2-3 The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 29 2-3a What Are Special Education and Related Services? 30 2-3b Who Is Eligible for Special Education and Related Services? 30 2-3c Major Provisions of IDEA 31 Learning Through Social Media 10 Helpful and Compassionate Comments Heard at an IEP Meeting 33 2-4 The Special Education Referral, Assessment, Planning, and Placement Process 36 2-4a Phase 1: Initiating the Referral 36 2-4b Phase 2: Assessing Student Eligibility and Educational Need 38 2-4c Phase 3: Developing the Individualized Education Program (IEP) 38 2-4d Phase 4: Determining the Student’s Educational Placement in the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) 39 Case Study on Embracing Diversity Yasmeen 42 2-5 Educating Students with Disabilities in the 21st Century: From Access to  Accountability 42 2-6 Section 504/ADA and Reasonable Accommodations 44 Looking Toward a Bright Future 45 Chapter Review 46 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 2 47 Mastery Activities and Assignments 47 00976_fm_rev03.indd 6 19/08/15 11:39 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. 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CO N T E N T S vii CHAPTER 3 Inclusion and Multidisciplinary Collaboration in the Early Childhood and Elementary School Years 48 A Changing Era in the Lives of Students with Disabilities 49 3-1 Inclusive Education 49 Snapshot Matt 49 3-2 Characteristics of Evidence-Based Inclusive Schools 51 3-2a Diversity, Acceptance, and Belonging 51 3-2b Formal and Natural Supports 51 3-2c Age-Appropriate Classrooms in a Neighborhood School 51 3-3 Multidisciplinary Collaboration 52 3-3a Parents as Valued Partners 52 3-3b Sharing the Responsibility 53 3-3c Multidisciplinary School-Wide Assistance Teams 53 3-3d Working Together as a Professional and Parent Team 53 Reflect on This What’s My Role on the Multidisciplinary School-Wide Assistance Team? 54 3-3e Peer Support and Cooperative Learning 55 Learning Through Social Media Is There a Role for Social Media in Special Education? 56 3-4 The Early Childhood Years 56 Snapshot Yvonne: The Early Childhood Years 57 3-4a Importance of Early Intervention for Young Children and Families 57 3-4b Evidence-Based Instructional Approaches for Preschool-Age Children 58 3-5 The Elementary School Years 65 3-5a Meeting Student Needs in an Inclusive Classroom through a General Education/ Special Education Partnership 65 Case Study on Embracing Diversity Ricardo 66 3-5b Evidence-Based Practices in Inclusive Elementary School Programs 68 Assistive Technology The Strategy Tutor 74 Looking Toward a Bright Future 74 Chapter Review 75 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 3 77 Mastery Activities and Assignments 77 CHAPTER 4 Secondary Education and Transition Planning 78 A Changing Era in the Lives of People with Disabilities 79 Snapshot Living with NO Boundaries: Meet Hector 79 4-1 Research on the Lives of Adults with Disabilities 80 4-1a High School Completion and Access to Valued Postschool Outcomes 80 4-1b Employment 81 4-1c Closing the Gap: Transition Planning and Services 81 Reflect on This Meet Ellie and Kari and Their “Education for All” Approach to Teaching Math in a High School Classroom 81 4-2 IDEA Transition Planning Requirements 82 4-2a Other Federal Laws Linked to IDEA and Transition Planning 82 4-3 Person-Centered Transition Planning 83 4-3a Facilitating Student and Parent Involvement 83 Case Study on Embracing Diversity LoQuisha 83 4-3b Working with Adult Services 85 Learning Through Social Media Reflections on Inclusive Education and Parent Involvement at the Secondary Level 86 4-4 Preparing Students for Adult Life: Instructional Focus for College and Career Readiness 87 4-4a Teaching Self-Determination 87 4-4b Teaching Academic Skills and Access to the General Curriculum 88 4-4c Teaching Adaptive and Functional Life Skills 89 4-4d College Preparation 89 Reflect on This Tips and Strategies for Co-Teaching at the Secondary Level 90 4-4e Employment Preparation 90 Looking Toward a Bright Future 91 Chapter Review 92 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 4 93 Mastery Activities and Assignments 93 00976_fm_rev03.indd 7 19/08/15 11:40 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. 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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. viii Mastery Activities and Assignments 121 CHAPTER 6 Exceptionalities and Families 122 6-1 A Changing Era in the Lives of People with Disabilities 123 Snapshot Teela 123 6-2 Family Systems Approach 124 6-2a Positive Impacts of Children with Disabilities on Their Families 125 6-2b Family Challenges Related to Raising Children with Disabilities 126 6-3 Parental Reactions 126 6-3a Determining a Diagnosis 127 Learning Through Social Media Shasta Kearns Moore 127 6-3b Experiencing Shock 128 6-3c Coming to a Realization 129 6-3d Moving Away from Retreat 129 Snapshot Autism in the Family 130 6-3e Coming to Acknowledgment 130 6-4 Family Relationships 131 6-4a Spousal or Partner Relationships 131 Reflect on This Friday’s Kids Respite 132 6-4b Mother–Child Relationships 133 Case Study on Embracing Diversity Halgan 133 6-4c Father–Child Relationships 134 6-4d Sibling Relationships 135 6-4e Extended Family Relationships 137 6-5 Providing Nurturing and Competent Family Support 138 6-5a Family-Centered Support, Services, and Programs 139 6-5b Early Childhood Years 139 6-5c Elementary School Years 140 6-5d Secondary School Years 140 6-5e Transition to the Adult Years 141 6-5f Parents, Families, and Partnerships 141 6-5g Strengthening Family Supports 141 6-5h Positive Behavior Support 141 6-5i Elements of Successful Partnerships 142 6-5j Training for Families 143 6-5k Training for Siblings, Grandparents, and Extended Family Members 144 6-5l Training for Professionals 144 6-5m Cultures and Disability Perspectives for Professionals 144 PART 2 Perspectives on Diversity and the Family 94 CHAPTER 5 Cultural and Linguistic Diversity 94 5-1 A Changing Era in the Lives of Students with Disabilities from Culturally and/or Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds 95 Snapshot José 95 5-2 The Purposes and Approaches of Bilingual/ESL Education and Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Education 96 5-2a Dual-Language Immersion/ESL Education and Its Role 96 5-2b Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Education and Its Role 97 5-3 Population Trends Among Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Learners in the United States 98 5-3a Cultural and Ethnic Diversity 99 5-3b Language Diversity 99 5-3c Poverty 100 5-3d Migrancy 101 5-4 Effect of Population Trends on Schools 102 5-4a Language Learning and Schools 102 5-4b Poverty and Schools 104 5-4c Migrancy and Schools 105 5-5 Decreasing Disproportionality of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Children in Special Education 105 Learning Through Social Media Edutopia on Culturally Responsive Teaching 106 5-5a Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Teaching 107 5-5b Increasing Parent Involvement 110 5-5c Nondiscriminatory and Multidisciplinary Collaboration 111 5-5d Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Assessment 112 5-5e Language Acquisition 114 5-5f Proper Training of Professionals 114 5-6 Culturally Responsive Special Education 115 Case Study on Embracing Diversity Ana 117 Looking Toward a Bright Future 118 Chapter Review 119 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 5 121 CO N T E N T S 00976_fm_rev03.indd 8 19/08/15 11:40 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. 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CO N T E N T S ix Assistive Technology Software for Writing 167 7-6b Adolescent Education and Transition to Adulthood 168 Case Study on Embracing Diversity Alice Revisited 170 7-6c Multidisciplinary Collaboration: Education and Other Services 171 Looking Toward a Bright Future 173 Chapter Review 174 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 7 175 Mastery Activities and Assignments 175 CHAPTER 8 Emotional/Behavioral Disorders 176 Snapshot Jennifer 177 8-1 A Changing Era in the Lives of People with Emotional/Behavioral Disorders 178 8-2 Definitions and Classifications of Emotional/ Behavioral Disorders 178 8-2a Classification Systems 179 8-2b A Statistically Derived Classification System 180 8-2c Clinically Derived Classification Systems 180 Learning Through Social Media Bring Change 2 Mind 182 8-3 Characteristics and Prevalence of Emotional/ Behavioral Disorders 183 8-3a Intelligence 183 8-3b Social–Adaptive Behavior 183 8-3c Academic Achievement 186 8-4 Causes of Emotional/Behavioral Disorders 187 8-5 Identification and Assessment of Emotional/Behavioral Disorders 188 8-5a Screening, Pre-Referral Interventions, and Referral for Assessment 188 Case Study on Embracing Diversity Leon 192 8-6 Interventions and Treatments for Emotional/Behavioral Disorders 193 8-6a Multidisciplinary Collaboration: Systems of Care 193 8-6b Early Childhood Education 194 8-6c Elementary Education 195 Community Support for Lifelong Inclusion People with Emotional/Behavioral Disorders (EBD) 196 Reflect on This Henry: Wraparound 200 8-6d Adolescent Education and Transition to Adulthood 201 Looking Toward a Bright Future 145 Chapter Review 146 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 6 147 Mastery Activities and Assignments 147 PART 3 People Who Are Exceptional 148 CHAPTER 7 Learning Disabilities 148 7-1 A Changing Era in the Lives of People with Learning Disabilities 149 Snapshot Mathew 149 7-2 Definitions and Classifications of Learning Disabilities 150 7-2a Definitions 150 7-2b Classification 152 Reflect on This Redefining Learning Disabilities Using a Response to Intervention Model 153 7-3 Characteristics and Prevalence of Learning Disabilities 154 7-3a Academic Achievement 154 Reflect on This Dyslexia: Searching for Causes 156 7-3b Intelligence 158 7-3c Learning Characteristics 159 7-3d Social and Emotional Characteristics 160 7-3e Hyperactivity 160 7-4 Causes of Learning Disabilities 160 7-4a Neurological Factors 161 7-4b Maturational Delay 161 7-4c Genetic Factors 161 7-4d Environmental Factors 161 7-5 Identification and Assessment of Learning Disabilities 161 7-5a Formal and Informal Assessment 161 7-5b Screening 162 7-5c Intelligence 163 7-5d Adaptive Skills 163 7-5e Academic Achievement 163 7-6 Interventions and Treatments for People with Learning Disabilities 163 Snapshot Alice 164 7-6a Elementary Education Programs 164 Learning Through Social Media Teen Use of Social Media on the Rise 166 00976_fm_rev03.indd 9 19/08/15 11:40 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. 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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. x Case Study on Embracing Diversity Lucy 226 Looking Toward a Bright Future 227 Chapter Review 227 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 9 229 Mastery Activities and Assignments 229 CHAPTER 10 Communication Disorders 230 10-1 A Changing Era in the Lives of People with Communication Disorders 231 10-2 Communication Development 231 Snapshot Trinity 231 10-2a Expressive and Receptive Language 232 10-2b Speech and Language 233 10-2c Speech and Language Development 234 10-3 Language Disorders 236 10-3a Definitions and Classifications of Language Disorders 237 10-3b Characteristics and Prevalence of Language Disorders 237 10-3c Causes and Risk Factors of Language Disorders 238 10-3d Identification and Assessment of Language Disorders 239 10-3e Interventions and Treatments for Language Disorders 240 Learning Through Social Media Treating Language Delays 241 Assistive Technology World-Renowned Astrophysicist Stephen Hawking’s Use of Assistive Technology 242 10-4 Speech Sound Disorders 242 10-4a Definitions and Classifications of Speech Sound Disorders 242 10-4b Characteristics and Prevalence of Speech Sound Disorders 242 10-4c Causes and Risk Factors of Speech Sound Disorders 243 10-4d Identification and Assessment of Speech Sound Disorders 245 10-4e Interventions and Treatments for Speech Sound Disorders 245 Reflect on This Timothy: “I Think I Talk Okay, Don’ You?” 247 Case Study on Embracing Diversity Emilio 247 10-5 Child Onset Fluency Disorder 248 10-5a Definitions and Classifications of Child Onset Fluency Disorder 248 Assistive Technology SymTrend ADL Activities for Daily Living 201 Looking Toward a Bright Future 202 Chapter Review 202 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 8 203 Mastery Activities and Assignments 203 CHAPTER 9 Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 204 9-1 A Changing Era in the Lives of People with Intellectual Disabilities 205 Snapshot Actress Lauren Potter 205 9-2 Definitions and Classification of Intellectual Disabilities 206 9-2a Definition 206 9-2b Classification 208 9-3 Characteristics and Prevalence of Intellectual Disabilities 209 9-3a Characteristics Common to Children and Youth with Intellectual Disabilities 209 Learning Through Social Media E-Buddies 210 Reflect on This Eunice Kennedy Shriver: A Celebration of an Extraordinary Life Dedicated to People with Intellectual Disabilities 212 9-3b Prevalence of Intellectual Disabilities 213 9-4 Causes of Intellectual Disabilities 214 9-4a Genetic Conditions 214 9-4b Problems during Pregnancy 215 9-4c Problems during Birth 216 9-4d Problems after Birth 216 9-4e Poverty-Related Deprivation 216 9-5 Identification and Assessment of Intellectual Disabilties 217 9-6 Interventions and Treatments for Intellectual Disability 217 9-6a Early Childhood Education 218 9-6b Elementary Education 218 Community Support for Lifelong Inclusion People with Intellectual Disabilities 221 9-6c Adolescent Education and Transition to Adulthood 223 Assistive Technology Assistive Technology for People with Intellectual Disabilities 224 CO N T E N T S 00976_fm_rev03.indd 10 19/08/15 11:40 AM Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. 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CO N T E N T S xi 11-3 Characteristics and Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders 268 11-3a Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorders 268 Snapshot Krista: A Girl with Asperger’s Syndrome 269 11-3b Other Conditions Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders 271 11-3c Unique Strengths 272 11-3d Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders 272 Reflect on This Donald T.: First Child Diagnosed with Autism 273 Case Study on Embracing Diversity Identifying Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Children with ASD 274 11-4 Causes and Risk Factors of Autism Spectrum Disorders 275 11-5 Identification and Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders 275 11-6 Interventions and Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorders 276 11-6a Early Childhood Education 276 11-6b Elementary Education 277 11-6c Adolescent Education and Transition to Adulthood 277 11-6d Evidence-Based Practices 278 Assistive Technology Apps for Autism 280 Learning Through Social Media Assessing and Treating ASD 284 Snapshot My Thoughts about the Education of High- Functioning Individuals with Autism 285 11-6e Psychological and Medical Interventions 286 Community Support for Lifelong Inclusion People with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) 287 Looking Toward a Bright Future 289 Chapter Review 290 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 11 291 Mastery Activities and Assignments 291 CHAPTER 12 Severe and Multiple Disabilities 292 12-1 A Changing Era in the Lives of People with Multiple Disabilities 293 Snapshot Sarina 293 12-2 Definitions of People with Severe and Multiple Disabilities 294 12-2a The IDEA Definitions of Multiple Disabilities 295 12-2b Deaf–Blindness 295 Reflect on This Mat’s Story: Joining the Community 296 10-5b Characteristics and Prevalence of Child Onset Fluency Disorder 248 10-5c Causes and Risk Factors of Child Onset Fluency Disorder 249 10-5d Identification and Assessment of Child Onset Fluency Disorder 249 Snapshot Windows to the World: A True Story 250 10-5e Interventions and Treatments for Child Onset Fluency Disorder 251 10-6 Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder 251 10-6a Definitions and Classifications of Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder 252 10-6b Characteristics and Prevalence of Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder 252 10-6c Causes and Risk Factors of Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder 253 10-6d Identification and Assessment of Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder 253 10-6e Interventions and Treatments for Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder 254 10-7 Voice and Resonance Disorders 255 10-7a Definitions and Classifications of Voice and Resonance Disorders 255 10-7b Characteristics and Prevalence of Voice and Resonance Disorders 255 10-7c Causes and Risk Factors of Voice and Resonance Disorders 256 10-7d Identification and Assessment of Voice and Resonance Disorders 257 10-7e Interventions and Treatments for Voice and Resonance Disorders 257 Community Support for Lifelong Inclusion People with Communication Disorders 258 Looking Toward a Bright Future 259 Chapter Review 259 Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards to Accompany Chapter 10 261 Mastery Activities and Assignments 261 CHAPTER 11 Autism Spectrum Disorders 262 11-1 A Changing Era in the Lives of People with Autism Spectrum …