Fluent Essays

This has 3 assignments; Assignments will be submitted through safe assign for plagiarism. Please see attachments for assignments. Power points for assignment 3 is attached separately. Part II BIOLOGY Chapters 3 and 4 Part II BIOLOGY Chapter 3 Substance Misuse, Dependence, and the Body Recent Trends Development of PET scans, fMRI— functional magnetic resonance imaging Craving research New facts on brain damage Depressants Alcohol Figure 3.1—alcohol involvement: 47\% of homicides; 34\% of drownings; 42\% of fire injuries; 47\% of young male car crashes; 50\% date rape; 16\% child abuse (doesn’t count neglect); 23\% of suicide. International studies show high correlation with partner violence. College student deaths per year –1,825 (NIAAA, 2010) Father Martin—Chalk Talks Jocose drunk, amorose, bellicose, lachrymose drunks Our additions: somnos drunk, (sleepy) clamorose, (loud), scientose (know it all) Global Drinking Patterns Europeans consume six times as much alcohol as southeast Asians Moldova, the Czech Republic, drink around 18 liters per capita each year. Eastern Europeans—hard liquor British and Irish—beer French and Italians—wine High rates—indigenous populations Northern Sweden and Northern Canada Alcohol continued Health effects of moderate drinkers—heart benefits, lower death rates than teetotalers. 7-10\% of drinkers get addicted. Signs: tolerance, withdrawal (tremors, nausea; 5\% have DTs), heavy nicotine, caffeine use Tolerance reversal .4 B.A.C. may be comatose. Blackouts: common at .3 BAC, case in Tom Sawyer Real court cases Narcotics Opiates—from opium poppy…narcotics, heroin now can be smoked or snorted. High tolerance so need greater quantities for high. Inhalants—household products, huffing, brain damage, coma Misuse of pain medication increasing today OxyContin Stimulants Cocaine-crack and powder, in urine 8 hrs., smoked for faster high. High lasts only 15-20 minutes. Brain blocks reuptake of dopamine… Addicted rats die… heart attack. Amphetamines and meth—synthetic unlike cocaine—suppresses appetite. Used by Nazis. 4-16 hour high. Methland by Nick Reding about Oelwein, Iowa. Powder can be snorted, injected. Stay awake for long durations… Anhedonia---inability to feel pleasure with drug-induced brain injury. Nicotine Can both stimulate and relax. 80-95\% of alcoholics smoke, reduces alcohol effects. Over half of persons with schizophrenia smoke. Nicotine decreases BAC levels. American businessman’s story from China. Malachy McCourt smoked for ad and got hooked. Box 3.1 “To Die for a Cigarette” Case of chewing tobacco—snuff. Hallucinogens Plants, LSD, synthetic, flashbacks, PCP Ecstasy and roofies—heightens sensory experience…raves.. Can’t get back to original high due to brain changes. 10\% in high school have used Ecstasy. Dance Safe – harm reduction strategies. Roofies: sleeping pill in Europe. What Is Ecstasy? Ecstasy is a drug that has some hallucinogenic properties and is structurally related to amphetamines. Its short form chemical name is MDMA (3,4- methylenedioxymetham-phetamine). Split Short Term Effects of Ecstasy Feeling of confidence Sense of arousal Increased heart rate Dry and sore mouth/throat Tension, High Body Temperature Muscle twitching Depression & Confusion Other Synthetic Substances Spice Bath salts—increase in ER visits associated with this drug. Hard to detect. Cannabis Marijuana THC, the psychoactive ingredient, lowers blood glucose, increases appetite, Stored in fat cells, long term use possibly associated with apathy. Earlier reports of lung cancer after long-term use were not validated.   Costs to Get High Estimates Differ by Region [not in text] Crack: $5-10 quick fix only lasts 30 min. Heroin: $100-200 day--$20 day can by maintenance dose inject a couple of times Ecstasy: $25 may take 5 or so pills. Meth: $25 long-lasting high, popular in gay party scene in Seattle, factory workers in Iowa Marijuana: $25 or higher, depends on quality Metabolism Liver: organ that metabolizes alcohol, alcohol circulates in the bloodstream until metabolized. Men have special enzymes that help. People metabolize ½ oz. per hour = small glass of wine. One Drink ¼ One bottle of beer (12 oz.) ¼ One glass of wine (6 oz.) ¼ One “single” drink (1¼ oz. of liquor) Metabolism continued Brain Regions and Their Functions Ecstasy and the Brain The Brain and Addiction Neurotransmitters affect emotions and memory Neurotransmitters Affect Emotions and Memory Dopamine—reuptake affected by cocaine, which blocks dopamine synapse Depletion following cocaine use. Nicotine affects dopamine too. Parkinson’s when too little. Dopamine-boosting drugs for Parkinson’s associated with mania and gambling behavior. Excess of dopamine associated with schizophrenia. Serotonin: influenced by alcohol, involved in sleep. Decreased levels linked to depression, anxiety, impulsiveness suicide. Depletion Following Cocaine Use. The right scan is taken from someone who is on cocaine. The loss of red areas in the right scan compared to the left (normal) scan indicates that the brain is using less glucose and therefore is less active. This reduction in activity results in disruption of many brain functions. Memory and Craving Addict never gets original high—brain has changed. Addiction is a brain disease. Cues can trigger memory…picture of alcoholic beverages activates certain areas of the brain. Prozac reduces craving by regulating serotonin levels. Cocaine in the Brain Slides are from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (www.nida.nih.gov) Gambling and the Brain Persons with gambling disorders may have abnormal levels of dopamine and serotonin. Lack of control may result. Highs enhanced when rewards uncertain. Near misses especially thrilling. The Role of Genes Study of mental hospitals, prisons, 50\% who used chemical substances had mental disorders. Cloninger—Sweden..259 male adoptees with alcoholic fathers Type 1: late onset..75\% of alcoholics, relates to harm avoidance, anxiety, guilt Type 2: risk taker, (starts about age 11) male, hyperactive, antisocial, hereditary Ondansetron: works on serotonin, little effect on type 1 Twins: 40-60\% concurrence of alcoholism. Separated at birth monkeys drank more under stress, people with low dopamine like stimulants People with ADHD risk for drug abuse. Medical Consequences Wernicke Korsakoff: Cases reported of Dr. Oliver Sachs Peripheral neuropathy related to lack of Vitamin B Confabulation….Dr. Sachs—Awakenings     Medical Consequences continued Liver damage…removes toxins from blood, bile circulates in blood stream Yellow skin tone, cirrhosis, immune system breakdown. Heart – nicotine, cocaine Fetal alcohol syndrome. See photograph in text. Short nose, indistinct groove between nose and mouth, thin upper lip, small head and eyes, learning problems. Role of sperm should be considered as well as mother’s role. Interventions Related to Biology Schick Shadel, Seattle treatment center Conditioning or aversion therapy—favorite drink plus emetine to induce vomiting. Use of truth serum on alternate days. Changing Brain Chemistry Brain Lock (Schwartz) cognitive treatment for OCD to “rewire the brain” Ondansetron—decreases craving Zyban and smoking; Chantix helps person produce more dopamine. Nicotine gum; patch. Naltrexone, approved 1995, not a narcotic unlike methadone. Blocks receptors for getting high. Synthetic Prescription Drugs Methadone (synthetic form of heroin); Methadone maintenance Heroin maintenance in Britain, Switzerland, Vancouver. Buprenorphine can be prescribed by GPs, reduces likelihood of overdose Eating disorders and dopamine Bulimics—related to depression Anorexia—anxiety Luvox, Prozac, and Paxil decrease binges. Holistic Treatments Herbal remedies St. John’s wort Hypnosis Acupuncture from China Massage therapy Physical exercise to reduce tension Chapter 4 Gender and Sexual Orientation Differences   Gender Issues Recent trends—voices of women and gays and lesbians are increasingly heard regarding treatment, research. Some emphasis on gender-sensitive treatment. Class and cultural differences in drug use. Male/female ratios differ in drinking quantity ratios from 13:12 in Italy to 28:11 in Canada, 46:5 in Mexico, and 15:3 in Russia. In American high schools, substance use rates about the same. Adult men, twice the rate of women for marijuana and cocaine use and gambling, meth and tranquilizers about the same. More eating disorders in women Gender Differences Shame factor for women in treatment. Women in treatment more likely than men to have a substance-dependent partner. Treatment less accessible for mothers than fathers due to child care responsibilities. Many women lose custody of children over substance misuse. Abstinence demands unrealistic. Lack of treatment availability for pregnant women. Good results with recovery coaches and family courts. Gender Differences continued Meth addiction rates high among women. One study showed that 80\% of female meth addicts were victims of domestic violence. Violence---3 of 4 intimate partner murders are of women. Women alcoholics ---47\% in treatment molested as children in study of 472 women (Downs). Treatment needs to focus on PTSD issues. Women smoke to control weight, males to relieve boredom. Escape gamblers (women). Women start gambling later in life than men do. Biological Differences Women get intoxicated quicker than men. Women have a higher mortality rate with heavy drinking. Lives are shortened by 15 years on average with alcoholism—heart and liver damage. Women’s Treatment Needs 1. Address barriers to treatment that many women experience, such as lack of transportation, child care, and treatment availability. 2. Changing program goals and processes to accommodate women’s needs for more support, less confrontation, job skill training, and parenting skills. 3. Embracing an empowerment model of change. 4. Female counselors who can attend to shame and stigma issues. 5. Need to celebrate any significant decrease in substance use. Sexual Orientation Heterosexism and homophobia: U.S. studies of schools shows suicide is 14 times the heterosexual rates. Lesbians—lowest rate of AIDS of any group, but double the drug use of other women, 55\% smoke at some point in their lives; 28\% are obese. Reasons for high drinking rate—gay bar, fewer are mothers….G/L AA. Gay males—high risk of sexual abuse in jail cells. Religious fundamentalism correlated with suicide…alcohol problems persist across life span. Transgender….See Do’s and Don’ts…table 11.2 Resources: Pride Institute and PFLAG Assignment 1: Discussion has to be at least 250 words, APA format, and cite relevant sources Some substance use disorders mimic and/or co-occur with a variety of neurological , medical, and psychological disorders.  Identify some of these, some of the symptoms Assignment 2: Discuss your understanding of the special risks experienced by children and teens who use substances. Prepare your response in a one-page, double spaced document using formal English, APA format, and be sure to credit your source(s) of information.  Assignment 3: In a one -page paper give your reaction to the slides for Chapters 3 and 4 and the video in this folder.  What have you learned from these media sources to influence your opinion about gender and addiction?  Be sure to use peer-reviewed sources to support your opinion and in APA format.  A second page must contain your references. Video: Gender Specific Addiction Recovery https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2NVGkOYUqE