Fluent Essays

Please see attachment for Week 3 details, thanks. I have also put my week 1 and 2 assignment along with the template for reference. Running head: WEEK 3 OUTLINE 1 3 PSY 350 Week 3 Outline Student Name PSY 350 Physiological Psychology Instructor’s Name Date Submitted You may delete all green “Tip” boxes before submitting by clicking on the edge of each box, then hitting “Delete”. Tip: Your outline should include information you’ve collected from scholarly sources. Be sure to include an in-text citation for the information you include. Ctrl + Click QUOTING, PARAPHRASING, & SUMMARIZING for help including information from sources. Ctrl + Click CITING WITHIN YOUR PAPER for help creating in-text citations. I. Introduction Here, identify the neuropsychological disorder using current terminology. (For behavioral/mental health disorders, use DSM-5 current terminology; for neurological conditions not found in the DSM-5, use terminology from current clinical guidelines from appropriate professional societies). Here, define the type of disorder it is. (Neurological, Psychological, Neuropsychological) A. Diagnostic Criteria Here, identify what components must be present for the disorder to be diagnosed? (Use DSM-5 for mental/behavioral health disorders; use clinical guidelines for neurological conditions not found in the DSM-5) 1. Here, briefly identify physical and psychological signs and symptoms. C. Reasons for Choosing Topic If applicable, state your personal experience reason here. If applicable, state your professional experience reason here. 1. Here, state any other reason you chose this topic. Tip: You may delete instructional material within each section once you have filled in your content for the section. II. Discussion Tip: A Sample Discussion section can be found at the bottom of this document for review. A. Detailed Description of Disorder Here, thoroughly identify signs and symptoms. 1. Here, include the epidemiology. Include who is more likely affected and at risk—young/old, male/female, rural/urban environment, what economic groups, and what ethnicities. Here, identify any subtypes of the disorder (for mental/behavioral health conditions, use DSM-5 for this; for neurological conditions not found in the DSM-5, use terminology from current clinical guidelines from appropriate professional societies). B. Description of Natural History of Disorder Here, state how the disorder develops over time with treatment. Here, state how the disorder develops over time without treatment. A. Methods to Diagnose, Evaluate, and Manage Disorder 1. Here, state methods of initial diagnosis (e.g., physical exam, imaging and/or laboratory testing, special studies, psychological evaluation, psychometric testing)   Here, state methods of ongoing management  (e.g., physical exam, imaging and/or laboratory testing, special studies, psychological evaluation, psychometric testing) B. Risk Factors Here, identify genetic factors. Here, identify lifestyle factors. Here, identify environmental factors. C. Other Causes Here, identify other known causes. Here, identify theorized causes. D. Nervous System Structures and/or Pathways Involved Here, detail the underlying pathology as it applies to nervous system structures (e.g., areas of the brain) and functional neural pathways (e.g., systems in the brain responsible for certain functions). E. Neurotransmitter(s) and Receptor System(s) Here, detail the neurotransmitters and receptor systems involved in the pathology of the disorder. F. Current Treatment Options Here, identify drug (pharmacological) therapies and why they would help relieve symptoms (e.g., provide information on how the drug works and why it would restore normal function by interacting with nervous system structures and/or neurotransmitter/receptor systems). Here, identify non-pharmacological therapies (including psychological and other therapeutic services). Here, identify types of care providers (e.g., medical, nursing, therapists). Here, identify types of healthcare setting (e.g., hospital, home, outpatient, nursing facility). G. Future Areas of Research Here, briefly identify needed areas of research of treatment options. Here, briefly identify needed areas of reach in the evaluation and diagnostic methods for initial diagnosis. Here, briefly identify needed areas of research for increasing knowledge relating to etiology and pathologic processes. III. Conclusion Write conclusion here (briefly summarize your topic and research findings) Tip: Ctrl + Click INTRODUCTIONS & CONCLUSIONS for help. References Use APA format to create a references list containing at least 6-8 credible sources used in your outline. These references should also show up as in-text citations in the body of your outline. Tip: Ctrl + Click FORMATTING YOUR REFERENCES LIST for help formatting each of your sources. You may delete the Sample Discussion section before submitting your outline for grading. EXAMPLE OF PARTIAL DISCUSSION SECTION FOR AN OUTLINE ON PTSD: Section II: Discussion A. Detailed Description of Disorder 1. Signs and symptoms: The signs and symptoms of PTSD are similar to other anxiety disorders with some exceptions. There must be a history of exposure to a traumatic event, and the symptoms must have appeared after the event. The symptoms of PTSD are variable depending on the individual and the nature of the trauma. Some people may exhibit anxiety, lack of sexual desire, dysphoria, anger, aggression, dissociative episodes, or a combination of all of the above (APA, 2013) 2. Epidemiology: Events that may lead to the development of PTSD may include violence on the person, exposure to disasters and accidents, a result of combat events, and any other form of violence. Almost one-half of U.S. adults will experience one or more traumatic events in their life, but most do not develop PTSD (National Institutes of Health, 2017). Both men and women may be exposed to trauma, and women may seek help more quickly than men (National Center for PTSD, 2015). This condition can develop in children, and symptoms may vary depending on the age of the individual (Neuropsychiatric Hospitals, 2018). Socioeconomic factors have been found to affect the development of this disorder, such as living in an urban environment and being poor. In addition, some studies have demonstrated a higher risk of PTSD in African-Americans as compared with other races/ethnicities (Parto, Evans, & Zonderman, 2011). 3. Any subtypes of the disorder: Adjustment disorders may have a trauma component but does not meet the DSM-v criteria for a PTSD diagnosis. Acute stress disorder does not meet PTSD diagnostic criteria because symptoms are of a limited duration (APA, 2013). Anxiety disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder include intrusive thoughts that are indicative of PTSD, but lack the trauma component (APA, 2013).  According to the DSM-5 : Individuals with PTSD are 80\% more likely than those without PTSD to have symptoms that meet diagnostic criteria for at least one other mental disorder (APA, 2013, sect. II Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Comorbidity, para. 1). B. Detailed Description of Natural History of Disorder 1. How the disorder develops over time with treatment: The American Psychological Association recommends four core treatments. These are all variations of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Engaging in such treatment leads to healthier behaviors and reduced emotional disruption (2018).. 2. How the disorder develops over time without treatment: Generally, people will develop symptoms of PTSD within three months of exposure to a traumatic event, but it is not uncommon for months or years to pass before a PTSD diagnosis is appropriate (APA, 2013, sect. II Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Development and course). C. Methods to Diagnose, Evaluate, and Manage Disorder 1. Initial diagnosis: Tsai et al (2012) used a variety of psychometric tests to establish a baseline in their study.  They included the PTSD Checklist-Military version, the Family Adaptation and Cohesion Scales (FACES III), the Social Functioning Questionnaire (SFQ), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), the Postdeployment Social Support Scale (PSSS), the Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ), the Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale (CBAS, and others. This broad array of questionnaires addresses the complex nature of the disorder. Chandra et al (2009) utilized a structured interview, Index of Spouse Abuse ((ISA), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Post-Traumatic Symptom Checklist (PCL), and other scales in their study.   2. Ongoing management: A variety of therapeutic treatment options have shown promise with PTSD in veterans and include, cognitive processing therapy, therapies focusing on acceptance and commitment, peer support groups, and educational resources for friends and family members (Tsai et al, 2012). This may be an opportune time to mention that support groups for PTSD patients tend to be oriented to the circumstances surrounding the trauma, i.e. Rape survivors and combat veterans may not benefit each other in a peer support setting. Final Project Annotated Outline [WLOs: 3] [CLOs: 1, 2, 3, 4] Prior to beginning work on this assignment, review your completed Week 1 and Week 2 assignments, and familiarize yourself with the DSM-5 by accessing it in the University of Arizona Global Campus Library. Look up your selected psychological disorder in the DSM-5 (this is the same as the disorder you wrote about in the Week 1 and Week 2 assignments) to determine the diagnostic criteria, as well as other current information and terminology, and use this resource as one of your references (be sure to use in-text citations for the information used). With the exception of the DSM-5, you may cite and reference course materials such as the textbook, required or recommended reading, or multimedia, but these will not fulfill the source requirement. Please be sure to use current terminology as described in the DSM-5 for neuropsychological disorders. This book is a manual of neuropsychological disorders and the diagnostic criteria needed to make the clinical diagnosis. This reference is used by mental health professionals and will assist you in your assignment this week, as well as all course work in this class. If your disorder is purely neurological, be sure to include current clinical guidelines, diagnostic criteria, terminology, and the neurobiology involved in the pathology, using current guidelines from the appropriate professional societies. This assignment is an analysis of the neuropsychological disorder that supports your Final Project. You will create an outline of the main points of your Final Project, using your selected neuropsychological disorder as approved by the instructor in Week 1. The Final Project outline will be organized into three sections, each main section having required components. This outline is both an analysis of your topic, as well as a tool to ensure that you are on the right track with your Final Project. The more information you provide, the more feedback you will receive from your instructor, which will be helpful as you write your Final Project. For this assignment you must: · Complete and submit the Final Project Annotated Outline template to Waypoint. · Use the references you found for the Week 1 assignment and the Week 2 annotated bibliography assignment. You may also use additional references as necessary. · With the exception of the DSM-5, you may cite and reference course materials such as the textbook, required or recommended reading, or multimedia, but these will not fulfill the source requirement. Please note: This assignment should incorporate information from your Week 1 and Week 2 assignment, but it must expand on that information and use the template provided, which is in the format of an annotated outline.  Your completed Final Project Annotated Outline Template · Must be a minimum of three to four double-spaced pages in length. · Must use the provided template, which includes a title page with the following: · Title of paper · Student’s name · University name · Course name and number · Instructor’s name · Date submitted · Must use the Final Project Annotated Outline template   downloadin the assignment instructions to create your paper. · Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought. · Must use the provided template, and for all sections include at least a two- to three- sentence description (use complete sentences). Do not simply write the heading and a few words of description. · Must include in-text citations (Links to an external site.)  for all statements of facts obtained through your research. For more information please review the Citing Within Your Paper (Links to an external site.) · Remember that direct quotes (identical phrases or sentences taken from a source) require in-text citations with appropriate formatting. · Statements of opinion should be clearly stated as such, and include a rationale to support why you hold this opinion (e.g., personal or professional experience). · Must use at least six to eight scholarly and/or peer-reviewed sources that were published with the last five years, including a minimum of four peer-reviewed original research studies. For further information, please review the Original Research Study Tipsheet (Links to an external site.) . · In general, dictionaries and encyclopedias are not considered appropriate as resources for academic writing. · It is assumed that these references will be included in your Final Project. · It is assumed that these references will include those from your Week 2 assignment, as well as any additional references you select. · Must use the provided template, which includes a separate reference page, formatted according to APA Style (Links to an external site.)  as outlined in the Writing Center. Carefully review the Grading Rubric (Links to an external site.)  for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment. 1 Final Project Topic Week 1 Assignment Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Justin Gage PSY350 Physiological Psychology John Cosma 09 August 2021 Final Project Topic Week 1 Assignment Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Topic Explanation Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental illness characterized by someones failure to recover from a traumatic experience or witnessing a terrific event. This condition can last in the brain of the patient for weeks, months or even years. The state can only be reflected after a trigger that brings back the terrifying memories accompanied by intensive emotional and physical reactions (Lewis et al., 2019). Some of the symptoms of the illness include dreams, avoiding traumatic events, anxiety, depressed mood, increased response to stimuli and flashbacks. PTSD can be treated using psychotherapy or using medications in a clinical setting. Causes of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is caused by different causative factors which instigate the recall of the traumatic experiences. Some of the causes of PTSD include involvement or witnessing a tragic accident that involved serious injuries or deaths (Lewis et al., 2019). Physical and sexual assault as a young person or as an adult can also cause PTSD. Childhood and domestic abuse have also been cited as triggers of post-traumatic stress disorder among teenagers. People may also develop PTSD when they are exposed to traumatic events at work, of which some may be remote exposure. Studies have shown that about 7\% of people with serious illnesses who end up in the intensive care unit may experience PTSD symptoms (Wallace & Sweetman, 2020). Childbirth experiences among women are another cause of PTSD among young mothers. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders Associated Factors There is no evidence to suggest that PTSD can be inherited from parents to offspring. Therefore, it is not a genetic disorder. However, some of the factors that trigger the disease can be familial. For instance, someone who lived in a family that people or a member had PTSD may also develop the disorder with time (Wallace & Sweetman, 2020). Again, the main associated factors that trigger PTSD are environmental because many of the causes are physical. Similarly, PTSD is also associated with lifestyle issues, such as living in a family with abuse and violence. PTSD Pathology In many instances, people who have PTSD demonstrate a high level of hypersensitivity in the sympathetic autonomic nervous systems (Lewis et al., 2019). This instigates changes in heartbeat rate, skin conductance levels, high blood pressure, and other psychophysiological experiences (Wallace & Sweetman, 2020). Similarly, patients with post-traumatic stress disorder have episodes of noradrenergic reactivity to changes in pharmacological and related challenges. Treatment Options For PTSD (Pharmacological) and Nonpharmacological Treatments) Post-traumatic stress disorder can be treated using medication in the clinical setting and under a psychotherapy setting. In the clinical setting, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medications sertraline (Zoloft) and paroxetine (Paxil) are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for PTSD treatment (Wallace & Sweetman, 2020). This medication manages the symptoms associated with patients disorders, such as hypersensitivity and activity. In the therapeutic setting, cognitive behavioural therapy is used to manage and treat PTSD in the short and long terms. PTSD Technologies The commonly used technology to treat PTSD is Virtual Reality exposure Therapy. With rationales for the use of these treatments based on current understanding of the neurobiology of the disorder. In the experiments that used virtual reality exposure therapy, the patients are exposed to an environment with elements that the patient may have faced, which may have caused PTSD (Lewis et al., 2019). Studies have shown that exposure to the events reduces PTSD symptoms in the short term. Another technology used to diagnose PTSD includes functional MRI, which examines the structure and identifies areas damaged or affected by the psychiatric condition. References Lewis, S. J., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Fisher, H. L., Matthews, T., Moffitt, T. E., & Danese, A. (2019). The epidemiology of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in a representative cohort of young people in England and Wales. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(3), 247-256. Wallace, D. M., & Sweetman, A. (2020). Comorbid sleep apnea, post-traumatic stress disorder, and insomnia: underlying mechanisms and treatment implications—a commentary on El Solh et al.s Impact of low arousal threshold on the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Sleep and Breathing, 1-3. 2 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Justin Gage University of Arizona Global Campus PSY350 Physiological Psychology John Cosma 17 August 2021 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Coventry, P. A., Meader, N., Melton, H., Temple, M., Dale, H., Wright, K., ... & Gilbody, S. (2020). Psychological and pharmacological interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid mental health problems following complex traumatic events: Systematic review and component network meta-analysis. PLoS medicine, 17(8), e1003262. The article highlights the causes of posttraumatic stress disorder and its treatment. The article is a meta-analysis to determine effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological interventions to manage posttraumatic stress disorder. Some of the causes of posttraumatic stress disorder include sexual abuse in the childhood, domestic violence, and armed conflict. The article also states that traumatic events expose people to other mental health illnesses. It is worth noting that it is not known whether psychological interventions are beneficial and effective for people who have been affected by traumatic events. The article found that existing psychological interventions are effective and there is less evidence supporting effectiveness of pharmacological interventions. Iribarren, J., Prolo, P., Neagos, N., & Chiappelli, F. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence-based research for the third millennium. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2(4), 503-512. The article reviews the current knowledge of posttraumatic stress disorders and development of treatment interventions. Additionally, it discusses complementary medical intervention for individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorders. According to the article, there is a need for conducting evidence-based research to determine strength of complementary approaches in managing posttraumatic stress disorders. Complementary therapies are commonly used among veterans and their families in managing pain and anxiety associated with traumatic events. Benefits of complementary acupuncture and massage is evident in treatment and management of posttraumatic stress disorders. Lewis, S. J., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Fisher, H. L., Matthews, T., Moffitt, T. E., & Danese, A. (2019). The epidemiology of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in a representative cohort of young people in England and Wales. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(3), 247-256. The study evaluates prevalence, clinical features as well as risk factors linked to posttraumatic stress disorders among young people. Most young people experience post traumatic disorders. Most young people report major depressive episodes, alcohol dependence, and suicidal thoughts. As a result, there is a need to improve screening and establish comprehensive clinical assessment to provide appropriate treatment for young people experiencing post traumatic disorders. Miao, X. R., Chen, Q. B., Wei, K., Tao, K. M., & Lu, Z. J. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder: from diagnosis to prevention. Military Medical Research, 5(1), 1-7. The current article provides information related to a current understanding of posttraumatic stress disorder. According to the literature, the disorder causes disturbances among individuals and their families, as well as financial, and social problems. Additionally, posttraumatic disorder leads to depression, substance use, and poor physical health. The article states that about 72 percent of veterans are more likely to experience posttraumatic stress disorder after returning to civilian life’. they are likely to report self-control issues, expression troubles, as well as emotional regulation. Psychological and pharmacological interventions are accepted and applicable for managing posttraumatic stress disorders. However, there is a need for future research about psychological indicators to minimize or prevent suffering among individuals and families affected by the disorder.  Wallace, D. M., & Sweetman, A. (2020). Comorbid sleep apnea, post-traumatic stress disorder, and insomnia: underlying mechanisms and treatment implications—a commentary on El Solh et al.s Impact of low arousal threshold on the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Sleep and Breathing, 1-3. The article aims at assessing the prevalence of low arousal threshold among veterans affected by traumatic events and whether their condition is associated with the utilization of positive airway pressure. The finding of the study shows that younger veterans are at a greater risk of experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder. Additionally, veterans with posttraumatic disorders report presence of insomnia, and most of them are using anti depression. The study also found that low arousal threshold is a common endotype among veterans suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. Therefore, there is a need for further research to design effective therapy to improve sleep quality among patients.  Watkins, L. E., Sprang, K. R., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2018). Treating PTSD: A review of evidence-based psychotherapy interventions. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 12, 258. The aim of the article is to review a set of 2017 guidelines and to highlight the psychological treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder among adults affected by traumatic events. According to the article, some of the most effective psychological interventions for posttraumatic disorder include Cognitive Processing Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, as well as Prolonged Exposure. The set of guidelines in the VA and APA in 2017 recommends the psychological treatments because these interventions address memories and feelings associated with traumatic events. It is worth noting that these treatments options /should be used depending on patient preferences, and clinician expertise.