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DISCUSSION: The Legacy of Egyptian Civilization
This week we learnt that the ancient Egyptians are the first civilization to have a fully organized civil government. How important is this information to you personally, and to your community in a civilized society? Your response should be about 300 words.
DISCUSSION: Importance of Knowing Ones History
Johann Wolfgang von Gethe is reported too have said that Anyone who cannot give an account to oneself of the past three thousand years remains in darkness, without experience, living from day to day. How important is learning human history in general, and the history of your own people in particular? Your response should be about 300 words.
Ancient Egypt
Nicknamed “The Gift of the Nile”
• Egypt was first settled about 5000 B.C.
(7000 years ago) by nomads
• Egyptian Civilization developed because
of the Nile River
Click photo for “A Kid Explains History”
https://safeshare.tv/submit?url=https\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.youtube.com\%2Fwatch\%3Fv\%3DPEMbPLR1vrA
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Egyptian
Geography
❖Located in the
northeast corner of
Africa
❖Surrounded by natural
barriers:
• desert
• mountains
•Mediterranean Sea
PROVIDED
PROTECTION
The Nile River
Flooded every year
Provided fertile soil for crops when the “silt”, from the
bottom of the river bed, full of vitamins and minerals
would flood the earth
Was the “Lifeline” for Egypt
Transportation Route
Used for Irrigation
Flows south to north
(opposite of every other river)
Mouth = “Delta”
Click for Nile Video
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The Important Uses of the Nile
Uses: Drinking & Bathing, Agriculture, &
Transportation
The Egyptians had 3 seasons, based on the river.
Inundation: June - October - SHAIT
time of rising flood waters
farmers had time to build (pyramids and other
projects)
Emergence: November - February- PIRUIT
the return of the water to the river
planted crops & trapped water for irrigation
Drought: March - June - SHEMU
Harvest time (picking the crops)
Food
Irrigation systems watered crops
Main crops were barley, wheat and flax
Main food was bread, fish, vegetables and fruit.
Only the wealthy ate meat.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/fieldday/kids/pictures/kidsfield600/cg_wheat_closeup.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/fieldday/kids/crops/wheat.htm&h=450&w=600&sz=245&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=x468T1nXFjs3LM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=135&prev=/images\%3Fq\%3Dwheat\%26svnum\%3D10\%26hl\%3Den\%26lr\%3D
Clothing
Egypt’s weather is very warm
People wore linen robes
Women wore make-up and jewelry
People shaved their heads and wore wigs for
special occasions.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ga.k12.pa.us/Academics/MS/6th/ancientegypt/alainaw/i\%2520con/comangirl.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ga.k12.pa.us/Academics/MS/6th/ancientegypt/alainaw/Alaina.html&h=720&w=626&sz=176&hl=en&start=20&tbnid=Jv61QmDLViCmVM:&tbnh=140&tbnw=122&prev=/images\%3Fq\%3DEgyptian\%2BClothing\%26svnum\%3D10\%26hl\%3Den\%26lr\%3D
Egyptian Social Pyramid
Egyptian Social
Classes were
based on wealth,
jobs and
education
• Egypt’s lowest class were
slaves.
SLAVERY - the practice of one
person owning another person.
Slavery was the lowest level in
Ancient Egyptian society.
Slaves came from the conquered
lands & did the hardest work:
• Mined gold
• Planted crops
• Dug canals
• Worked as house
servants
Homes
People built homes from mud bricks
More important people had better houses.
Only the wealthy had “bathrooms”
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://achesoncreations.com/Arrow/colonial/col1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://achesoncreations.com/Arrow/colonial/col1.htm&h=149&w=184&sz=8&hl=en&start=127&tbnid=nRxY93xPpnwc-M:&tbnh=83&tbnw=102&prev=/images\%3Fq\%3Dmud\%2Bbrick\%2Bhouse\%26start\%3D120\%26ndsp\%3D20\%26svnum\%3D10\%26hl\%3Den\%26lr\%3D\%26sa\%3DN
Language
Egyptians developed a
form of picture or symbol
writing known as
hieroglyphics.
They developed this
language in order to keep
track of government records
and laws, taxes, and the
passage of time
This Egyptian “alphabet”
was made up of about 800
picture-symbols called
hieroglyphs.
The word hieroglyphics
means “sacred writing”
Had Scribes like the
Mesopotamians
Language/Writing Continued
Writings carved in wood
or stone
Later, painted with ink
on papyrus
PAPYRUS:
The Egyptians wrote
on Papyrus, the
earliest form of paper
Made from the
papyrus reed that
grew in the Nile
The reeds would be
criss-crossed and
pounded down to a
paper-like thickness.
How to make Papyrus video
https://safeshare.tv/submit?url=https\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.youtube.com\%2Fwatch\%3Fv\%3D6nhIR-MK08E
The Rosetta Stone
Slab of black rock carved in three
languages
Hieroglyphics
Greek included
Allowed hieroglyphics to be translated
1799: found a stone with a message
written in 3 languages
Hieroglyphics
Aramaic
Greek
1822: Jean Francois Champollion finally
broke the code
Rosetta Stone Video
https://safeshare.tv/submit?url=https\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.youtube.com\%2Fwatch\%3Fv\%3DyeQ-6eyMQ_o
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Pharaohs
The king or ruler of Egypt was
called a Pharaoh.
The Pharaoh was seen as a god.
Everyone worked for the pharaoh.
When he died, the pharaoh was
mummified and buried in a beautiful
chamber along with his belongings.
Like all civilizations, Egyptians had
the need for laws. The Pharaoh
was the supreme judge of what was
right and wrong under the law.
Pharaohs Rule As Gods
Pharaohs were in charge of:
Economy- Pharaoh collected a portion of crops for taxes, Trade was
the way in which Egyptians were paid for their services
Government- Pharaoh appointed powerful local leaders called
governors, then the Governors collected taxes and served as local
judges, And made sure local flood waters were shared equally
Religion- believed that the Pharaoh was the child of Ra, the sun-god,
that Pharaoh gave life to Egypt & its people, worshipped the Pharaoh
Pharaohs cause sun to rise, Nile to flood, crops to grow
Pharaohs you may have heard of …
King Menes: United United Upper and Lower Egypt
King Tut: Much of what we know today is due to the discovery of his
elaborate tomb!
King Tutankhamen’s Tomb
The Boy Pharaoh
King Tutankhamen was 9 years old when he
was chosen to replace Akhenaton.
The priests of Egypt controlled King Tut, who
died when he was only 19 years old.
His tomb was discovered in 1922. The tomb
contained everything Tut would need in the
afterlife.
We know about the Egyptian belief in the
Afterlife mainly through the discoveries
made by archeologists, like Carter. Tombs
which contained riches, food, and other
worldly provisions told us that the Ancient
Egyptians expected their dead to need these
things in the next life.
An Important Pharaoh- King Menes
Was known for Uniting Upper and Lower Egypt
Menes’s Upper
Egypt army
invades and
conquers
Lower Egypt
Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs
Thutmose III
1504-1450 B. C. Ramses II
1279-1212 B. C.
Hatshepsut
-Hatshepsut was one
of Egypt’s few female
pharaohs
-She expanded trade
further than any other
pharaoh
Khufu
Built the great
pyramids (Giza)
Brain Pop Video (weddington Moby1)
https://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/worldhistory/egyptianpharaohs/
Religion
The Egyptians believed in many
gods. (Polytheistic)
Egyptians prayed to different
gods who controlled different
things.
They built temples and shrines to
honor their gods.
The Egyptians believed in an
“afterlife.”
-Most of their gods were part
human, part animal
Ra – God
of the Sun
Osiris –
God of the
Dead and
the
Underworld
Horus –
God of
the Sky
Anubis –
God of
Preserving
the Dead
Mummification
Egyptians believed that when people die, they
move on to another world.
Since people needed their body in the afterlife, it
would need to be “preserved.”
The process of mummification was developed.
The Process of Mummification
First they would remove the organs.
These would go into canopic jars.
They would take the brain out
through the nose.
They packed the body with natron
(a salt mixture) that would remove
all the moisture.
After several weeks, they would
apply oil, wrap the body in
bandages and place the body in a
sarcophagus. They would put a
decorated mask on the body.
The body would be put in a
chamber with all the things needed
for the afterlife…food, riches, etc.
Contributions of Egypt
Language: Hieroglyphics
Architecture: Pyramids
Inventions: 365 day calendar, papyrus (paper),
irrigation system, mathematics, weapons, chariots
Medicine/surgery
Medical discoveries
Magic heavily used
Developed surgery
Greeks & Romans based much of their medical knowledge on that of the Egyptians
Art: statues, paintings, jewelry
http://www.shunya.net/Pictures/Egypt/Memphis/PyramidsGiza1.jpg
Egyptian Pyramid
The Great Pyramid & Sphinx
Inside The Great Pyramid
Ancient Egyptian Time
An Explanation
BC - Means Before Christ (a.k.a. B.C.E – before common
era)
AD - Means Anno Domini (The Year of Our Lord)
(Also can be shown as C.E. Common era)
Both of these terms were adopted during the early
formation of the Roman/Christian calendar.
BC counts backward (kind of like a negative number) until it
gets to year 0, then you are in AD time period and count
going up.
First, the Egyptians developed a lunar calendar of 354 days.
In time, the Egyptians created a more accurate 360-day solar calendar
Ancient Egyptian Timeline
Archaic Era
6000 bc
Early Dynastic
3200 bc - 2780 bc
Old Kingdom
2780 bc - 2258bc
Middle Kingdom
2134 bc - 1786 bc
New Kingdom
1570 bc - 1085 bc
Ptolemaic Dynasty
304 bc - 30 bc
Roman Period
30 bc - 640 ad
Egypt was a grassland. Nomads traveled in
search of food
King Menes united Upper & Lower Egypt.
Established capital at Memphis.
Age of Pyramids. First man made mummies
Romans take control of Egypt. Egypt never
rises to greatness again.
Alexander the Great conquers Egypt.
Cleopatra is the last Pharaoh
Major trading expeditions. Akhenaten and
Queen Hatshepsut
Rise of the Middle Class – trade becomes
the center of the economy.
Other Symbols of Egypt
King Tut
Queen
Hatputshut
Scarab Beetle
amulets
The Sphinx
Cartouche
Eye of Horus
Ancient Egypt Song
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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.stencilpochoir.com/pochoirs\%2520divers/cartouche\%2520egyptienne.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.stencilpochoir.com/pochoirdivers.htm&h=703&w=458&sz=49&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=y5VFOQ5vU8rQCM:&tbnh=140&tbnw=91&prev=/images\%3Fq\%3D\%2522cartouche\%2522\%26ndsp\%3D20\%26svnum\%3D10\%26hl\%3Den\%26lr\%3D\%26sa\%3DN
http://www.trocadero.com/EgyptianAntiquities/items/535531/catphoto.jpg
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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.safariegypt.com/Information/Images/egyptian_queen.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.safariegypt.com/Information/egyptian_queen_hatshepsut.htm&h=425&w=336&sz=50&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=79pw9kiYmWVN0M:&tbnh=126&tbnw=100&prev=/images\%3Fq\%3DEgyptian\%2Bqueen\%26ndsp\%3D20\%26svnum\%3D10\%26hl\%3Den\%26lr\%3D\%26sa\%3DN
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https://safeshare.tv/submit?url=https\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.youtube.com\%2Fwatch\%3Fv\%3D960mk5JRSBk
Quiz
Next to what river did Egypt develop?
In what direction does the Nile River flow?
Name three ways is a river important to a
civilization?
What is the fan-shaped mouth of a river called?
What was the main food eaten by Egyptians?
What did most Egyptians live in?
What was Egyptian language called?
What is an Egyptian king called?
What was the “afterlife?”
Describe the mummification process.
Name four contributions of Ancient Egypt.
Name_______________________________Date_________________ Class_____________________
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History: Ancient Egyptian Civilization
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Instructions: Read the summary then answer the questions.
Ancient Egyptian Civilization
Ancient Egyptian civilization is said to have flourished more than 5000 years ago for
more than 2000 years. This civilization has been credited with many inventions, social and
government structuring and profound architecture.
Ancient Egypt was made of three social classes plus slaves. The three classes were: the
upper class, the middle class and the lower class. The upper class consisted of the royal family,
high priests, wealthy landowners and doctors. The middle class consisted of merchants,
manufacturers and skilled laborers like craftsmen. Lastly, the lower class consisted of unskilled
laborers who were mainly farmers. Other important people included scribes. Scribes would
study for 12 years to perfect their profession. They would eventually become teachers, civil
servants or librarians. Unlike social classes that would later be formed in Europe and China,
these social classes could be ascended by way of hard work or marriage.
Ancient Egyptians believed in polytheism; with the exception of King Akhenaten. Their
primary Gods came from nature deities representing wind, water, sky, trees and animals. As
cities widened in population, they started to worship local Gods alongside the major ones. The
God Ptah (Tah), for example, was given credit with creating the city of Memphis in Egypt.
In relation to the worshiping of gods as well as the head of government itself, stood
usually a monarch deemed the God-King. The God-King, or pharaoh, ruled over the unified land
of Egypt and could be either man or woman. This position was inherited by way of birthright.
Alongside the pharaoh were advisors called Viziers who aided him in, serving as judges, mayors
or even tax collectors. Since they had no money system, they used a barter system under which
grains were used as common trade items. Egypt was also split into 42 different providences
called nomes and governed by nomarchs. The ancient Egyptians are the first civilization to have
a fully organized civil government.
Egyptian are also given credit with making the first usable paper out of papyrus (unlike
that later invented in China), the first 365 day solar calendar used to predict the flooding of the
Nile River, ink and hieroglyphics which was the first flexible writing system.
Name_______________________________Date_________________ Class_____________________
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History: Ancient Egyptian Civilization
Mega Social Studies.Com
1. What can we infer polytheism means?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________ __
2. What is the purpose of a social class?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Nomarchs ruled nomes. Today, what would you compare nomarchs and nomes to?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Why do you think it was important to predict the flooding of the Nile River?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. Bonus:
Do some research; find out why King Akhenaten was the exception to having polytheistic
beliefs.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
For Semester I (Under CBCS)
Lecture I
Egyptian Civilization and the River Nile: An Introduction
The ancient Egyptian Civilization thrived on the River Nile. The Nile River basin constituted
the cradle for the evolution as well as the decline of the advanced ancient Egyptian
Civilization. Roughly 2000 years prior to the beginning of the dynastic period of the ancient
Egyptian Civilization around 3100 BCE, there were many settlements that had already
developed along the River Nile. These settlements were inhabited primarily by nomads and
pastoralists who cultivated crops like barley on the floodplain of the Nile as well as practised
fishing and hunting.
The ancient Egyptian civilization developed in northeastern Africa in the 3rd millennium
BCE. The term Ancient Egypt traditionally refers to northeastern Africa from its prehistory up
to the Islamic conquest in the 7th century CE. Archaeological findings over a long period of
time have brought to the fore the achievements of the ancient Egyptians in the realm of art
and architecture – the magnificent monuments erected by the ancient Egyptians bear
testimony to their artistry.
Ancient Egypt was like an oasis in the desert of northeastern Africa, which depended on the
annual inundation (flooding) of the Nile River to support its population whose primary
occupation was agriculture. The fertile floodplain of the Nile Valley was the primary source
of Egypt’s wealth and prosperity. The Nile was also Egypt’s sole channel of transportation.
Archaeological sources provide us with the information that around 5000 BCE simple
farming based on cereal cultivation and cattle herding extending as far as Sudan (the
southernmost border of Egypt) had begun leading to the commencement of the pre-Dynastic
period of ancient Egyptian history. By 3000 BCE, small kingdoms and villages were
transformed into a unified state with a clearly defined and distinctive, common ideology.
From the earliest times when farming practices had begun, ancient Egypt was divided into
two broad regions – Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Upper Egypt consisted of the region
south of the Nile delta. The Nile River flowed towards the north from these highlands of
Upper Egypt. The northern lowlands made up Lower Egypt where the Nile ended in a fan-
shaped delta and emptied into the Mediterranean Sea. The process of unification brought
these two regions under a single government. Upland people tended to be fierce and rugged,
like the terrain of Upper Egypt. Lowland northerners were generally prosperous farmers.
Papyrus and its use in ancient Egypt
Grass like aquatic plants known as papyrus grew along the banks of the River Nile. The
fibres from the stem of this versatile plant were used to make cloth for sails and clothing in
ancient times. Tied together, the papyrus reeds could be used to make boats or rope. The most
historically important use of papyrus was undoubtedly its use as a writing surface. To prepare
this surface for writing, the stems of the plant were crushed, then the layers obtained were
dampened, and finally hammered and dried. Around 3000 BCE, papyrus along with clay
tablets were used as writing surfaces by the ancient Egyptians. Many documents written on
papyrus (the root of the English word paper) still exist today.
Painting on Papyrus
Sources of Ancient Egyptian Civilization:
• The most valuable document for reconstructing the history of ancient Egypt is the
Palermo Stone. The stone which is currently housed in the Palermo Museum (in
Palermo, Italy) is the largest of five fragments of the stone which are all that survives
of a huge slab black diorite inscribed with royal annals. Where the Palermo Stone was
originally found is not known, hence the missing parts could not be searched for. The
annals inscribed as early as the fifth dynasty not only give the names, regnal years and
main activities of the Pharaohs of the five dynasties, but even help trace the history of
ancient Egypt prior to the Unification of Egypt at a time when kings ruled over Upper
and Lower Egypt separately. A fragment of the Palermo stone is there at The
Egyptian Museum in Cairo, Egypt.
‘Contains list of names of the different kings who ruled Upper and Lower Egypt,
dating back to the First Dynasty until the middle of the Fifth Dynasty, together with
important events that took place during that period.
It also includes the yearly measurements of the Nile’s height.
This stone has added a few records to our historical knowledge of that period.’
(This information about the Palermo Stone fragment and the image inserted above
have been taken from the Egyptian Museum at Cairo, Egypt, February, 2019)
• Two lists of kings – the Abydos Table and the Karnak Table are inscribed on temple
walls in New Kingdom times that go back to the time of Menes. One such list from
Lower Egypt, the Table of Sakkara, has been derived from an inscription in the tomb
of a royal official dating from about 1250 BCE.
• Papyrus documents have provided a lot of information about ancient Egypt. The
Turin Papyrus is a temple document in hieratic script,1 which is said to have been
taken from a tomb in almost perfect condition. This document provides lists of
dynasties of gods, as well as of every king from Menes through to the nineteenth
dynasty, when it was compiled. The Papyrus gives the length of each reign in years,
month and days, and (unlike the Tables) groups them into dynasties.
• Manetho’s Aegyptiaca (now lost), provides the most important list of kings in a
chronological order that has aided historians in their historical research on ancient
Egypt considerably. Manetho was a priest who lived in the early 3rd century BCE. He
divided Egyptian history, after unification in 3100 BCE, into dynasties, 30 of which
are recognized. The Aegyptiaca was compiled from the Pharaonic records. This work
burnt with the library of Alexandria. Only fragments of the work is now available
which fortunately include the king list, made by later historians. Manetho’s Greek
versions of proper names have been widely adopted in Egyptology and his thirty-one
dynasties as well.
• The Narmer Palette, the ceremonial vessel, is another important source of ancient
Egyptian history primarily with regard to the information that the Palette provides
about Narmer, the Egyptian Pharaoh who is said to have conquered Lower Egypt.
Narmer is considered to be one of the last pre-dynastic rulers associated with the
unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. Narmer is depicted on the Palette wearing the
war Crown of Upper Egypt and the red wicker crown of Lower Egypt. This Palette,
also called Narmer’s Victory Palette was discovered in Hierakonpolis. It was possibly
designed for ceremonial use. The Palette is made of schist. The Palette is in the
Ashmolean Museum at Oxford.
1 Hieratic script, ancient Egyptian cursive writing, used from the 1st dynasty (c. 2925–c. 2775 BC) until about
200 BC. Derived from the earlier, pictorial hieroglyphic writing used in carved or painted inscriptions, hieratic
script was generally written in ink with a reed pen on papyrus; its cursive form was more suited to such a
medium than were the formal hieroglyphs. It was originally written vertically and later horizontally from right to
left. After about 660 BC demotic script replaced hieratic in most secular writings, but hieratic continued to be
used by priests in the transcription of religious texts for several more centuries.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/writing
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dynasty
https://www.britannica.com/topic/hieroglyphic-writing
https://www.britannica.com/topic/ink-writing-medium
https://www.britannica.com/technology/pen-writing-implement
https://www.britannica.com/topic/demotic-script
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/secular
The Narmer Palette
• The Rosetta Stone is a portion of a large black basalt stone Stela that measures three
feet, nine inches by two feet and a half inch. This portion of the Stela consists of
inscriptions in hieroglyphs (14 lines), demotic script (32 lines) and Greek (54 lines).
The stone was possibly inscribed by the priests of Memphis during the reign of
Ptolemy V Epiphanes giving information about the accession and patronage of the
latter.
The Rosetta Stone
In addition to these principal sources, there is of course a plethora of inscriptions, and other
archaeological sources.
Periodization of Ancient Egyptian Civilization:
Egyptologists conventionally divide ancient Egyptian civilization into four broad periods:
• Archaic Egypt and The Old Kingdom
• The Middle Kingdom
• The New Kingdom
• The Late period
The first three were separated by two intermediate periods that were intervals of political
change and instability.
Period of Ancient
Egypt
Dynasty Name of the Ruler Reigning Period
Pre-dynastic Period
(ca. 4000-2960 BC)
Dynasty 0 Narmer ca. 2960 BC
Archaic Period
(Dynasties 1-2)
(ca. 2960-2649 BC)
Dynasty 1 ca. 2960-2770 BC
Aha/Menes ca. 2960-2926 BC
Den/Dewen ca. 2873-2859 BC
Dynasty 2 ca. 2750-2649 BC
Hetepsekhemui ca. 2750 BC
Khasekhem(ui) ca. 2676-2649 BC
Old Kingdom
(ca. 2649-2134 BC)
Dynasty 3 ca. 2649-2575 BC
Netjerikhet Djoser ca. 2649-2630 BC
Huni ca. 2599-2575 BC
Dynasty 4 ca. 2575-2465 BC
Sneferu
ca. 2575-2551 BC
Khufu ca. 2551-2528 BC
Khafre ca. 2520-2494 BC
Menkaure ca. 2490-2472 BC
Dynasty 5 ca. 2465-2323 BC
Userkaf ca. 2465-2458 BC
Sahure ca. 2458-2446 BC
Unas ca. 2353-2323 BC
Dynasty 6 ca. 2323-2150 BC
Teti ca. 2323-2291 BC
Userkare ca. 2291-2289 BC
Pepi I Meryre ca. 2289-2255 BC
Pepi II Neferkare ca. 2246-2152 BC
Dynasty 7, 8 ca. 2143-2134 BC
(The Egyptian Museum at Cairo, Egypt, February, 2019)
References:
1. Margaret Bunson, Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt (Revised Edition) (2002)
2. Brian M. Fagan, People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory (2007)
3. Jacquetta Hawkes, The First Civilizations: Life in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and
Egypt (1973)
4. Kathleen Kuiper, Ancient Egypt: From Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest (The
Britannica Guide to Ancient Civilizations) (2011)
5. Bill Manley, The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Egypt (1996)
6. B.G. Trigger, B.J. Kemp, D. O’Connor and A.B. Lloyd, Ancient Egypt: A Social
History (1983)
Saptadeepa Banerjee
Assistant Professor
Department of History
Gurudas College
1) Course Introduction and Brief History of Ancient Egypt. Mohamed Ali. A series of select
readings provide background on why Egypt has always played a pivotal leadership role in the region.
This includes Egypt’s movement from a historical position of regional dominance, to being under the
influence of European and Russian powers, to once again becoming a regional power. (Oct 21)
Ancient Egypt
Overview
The basic element in the lengthy history of Egyptian civilization is geography. The Nile River
rises from the lakes of central Africa as the White Nile and from the mountains of Ethiopia as the
Blue Nile. The White and Blue Nile meet at Khartoum and flow together northward to the Nile
delta, where the 4000 mile course of this river spills into the Mediterranean Sea (see map).
Less than two inches of rain per year falls in the delta and rain is
relatively unknown in other parts of Egypt. Most of the land is
uninhabitable. These geographical factors have determined the
character of Egyptian civilization. People could farm only along
the banks of the Nile, where arid sand meets the fertile soil. Of
course, each summer the Nile swells as the rains pour down and
the snow melts on the mountains. The river overflows its banks and floods the land with fresh
water and deposits a thick layer of rich alluvial soil. The land would then yield two harvests
before winter. This yearly flood determined more than just the agricultural needs of early Egypt.
It also determined the lifecycle of society and helped to create the world view of ancient
Egyptian civilization.
The basic source of Egyptian history is a list of rulers compiled in c.280 B.C. by Manetho for the
Macedonians who ruled Egypt. Manetho divided Egyptian kings into thirty dynasties (a 31st was
added later) in the following manner.
NAME DYNASTY YEARS
Archaic Period 1-2 3100-2700 B.C.
Old Kingdom 3-6 2700-2200 B.C.
Intermediate Period 7-10 2200-2050 B.C.
Middle Kingdom 11-12 2050-1800 B.C.
Intermediate Period 13-17 1800-1570 B.C.
New Kingdom 18-20 1570-1085 B.C.
Post-Empire 21-31 1085-332 B.C.
Early Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, one in Upper Egypt (Nile Valley), and one in
Lower Egypt (Nile delta). Remember, the Nile flows from south to north.
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Egyptian Dynasties
Menes (or Narmer) unified Upper and Lower Egypt and established his capital at Memphis
around 3000 B.C.. By the time of the Old Kingdom, the land had been consolidated under the
central power of a king, who was also the owner of all Egypt. Considered to be divine, he
stood above the priests and was the only individual who had direct contact with the gods. The
economy was a royal monopoly and so there was no word in Egyptian for trader. Under the
king was a carefully graded hierarchy of officials, ranging from the governors of provinces down
through local mayors and tax collectors. The entire system was supported by the work of slaves,
peasants and artisans.
The Old Kingdom reached its highest stage of development in the Fourth Dynasty. The most
tangible symbols of this period of greatness are the three enormous pyramids built as the tombs
of kings at Giza between 2600 and 2500. The largest, Khufu (called Cheops by the Greeks), was
originally 481 feet high and 756 feet long on each side. Khufu was made up of 2.3 million stone
blocks averaging 2.5 tons each. In the 5th century B.C. the Greek historian Herodotus tells us
that the pyramid took 100,000 men and twenty years to build. The pyramids are remarkable not
only for their technical engineering expertise, but also for what they tell us about royal power at
the time. They are evidence that Egyptian kings had enormous wealth as well as the power to
concentrate so much energy on a personal project.
The priests, an important body within the ruling caste, were a social force working to modify the
kings supremacy. Yielding to the demands of the priests of Re, a sun god, kings began to call
themselves sons of Re, adding his name as a suffix to their own. Re was also worshipped in
temples that were sometimes larger than the pyramids of later kings.
In the Old Kingdom, royal power was absolute. The pharaoh (the term originally meant great
house or palace), governed his kingdom through his family and appointed officials. The lives
of the peasants and artisans was carefully regulated: their movement was limited and they were
taxed heavily. Luxury accompanied the pharaoh in life and in death and he was raised to an
exalted level by his people. The Egyptians worked for the pharaoh and obeyed him because he
was a living god on whom the entire fabric of social life depended. No codes of law were needed
since the pharaoh was the direct source of all law.
In such a world, government was merely one aspect of religion and religion dominated Egyptian
life. The gods of Egypt came in many forms: animals, humans and natural forces. Over time, Re,
the sun god, came to assume a dominant place in Egyptian religion.
The Egyptians had a very clear idea of the afterlife. They took great care to bury their dead
according to convention and supplied the grave with things that the departed would need for a
pleasant life after death. The pharaoh and some nobles had their bodies preserved in a process of
mummification. Their tombs were decorated with paintings, food was provided at burial and
after. Some tombs even included full sized sailing vessels for the voyage to heaven and beyond.
At first, only pharaohs were thought to achieve eternal life, however, nobles were eventually
included, and finally all Egyptians could hope for immortality.
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The Egyptians also developed a system of writing. Although the idea may have come from
Mesopotamia, the script was independent of the cuneiform. Egyptian writing began as
pictographic and was later combined with sound signs to produce a difficult and complicated
script that the Greeks called hieroglyphics (sacred carvings). Though much of what we have
today is preserved on wall paintings and carvings, most of Egyptian writing was done with pen
and ink on fine paper (papyrus). In 1798 Napoleon invaded Egypt as part of his Grand Empire.
He brought with a Commission of Science and Arts composed of more than one hundred
scientists, engineers and mathematicians. In 1799 the Commission discovered a basalt fragment
on the west bank of the Nile at Rachid. The fragment is now known by its English name, the
Rosetta Stone. The Egyptian hieroglyphics found on the Rosetta Stone were eventually
deciphered in 1822 by Jean François Champollion (1790-1832), a French scholar who had
mastered Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Syriac, Ethiopic, Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit and Coptic. The
Rosetta Stone contains three inscriptions. The uppermost is written in hieroglyphics; the second
in what is now called demotic, the common script of ancient Egypt; and the third in Greek.
Champollion guessed that the three inscriptions contained the same text and so he spent the next
fourteen years (1808-1822) working from the Greek to the demotic and finally to the
hieroglyphics until he had deciphered the whole text. The Rosetta Stone is now on display at the
British Museum in London.
During the period of the Middle Kingdom (2050-1800 B.C.) the power of the pharaohs of the
Old Kingdom waned as priests and nobles gained more independence and influence. The
governors of the regions of Egypt (nomes) gained hereditary claim to their offices and
subsequently their families acquired large estates. About 2200 B.C. the Old Kingdom collapsed
and gave way to the decentralization of the First Intermediate Period (2200-2050 B.C.). Finally,
the nomarchs of Thebes in Upper Egypt gained control of the country and established the Middle
Kingdom.
The rulers of the Twelfth Dynasty restored the power of the pharaoh over the whole of Egypt
although they could not control the nomarchs. They brought order and peace to Egypt and
encouraged trade northward toward Palestine and south toward Ethiopia. They moved the capital
back to Memphis and gave great prominence to Amon, a god connected with the city of Thebes.
He became identified with Re, emerging as Amon-Re.
The Middle Kingdom disintegrated in the Thirteenth Dynasty with the resurgence of the power
of the nomarchs. Around 1700 B.C. Egypt suffered an invasion by the Hyksos who came from
the east (perhaps Palestine or Syria) and conquered the Nile Delta. In 1575 B.C., a Thebian
dynasty drove out the Hyksos and reunited the kingdom. In reaction to the humiliation of the
Second Intermediate Period, the pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty, most notably Thutmose III
(1490-1436 B.C.), created an absolute government based on a powerful army and an Egyptian
empire extending far beyond the Nile Valley.
One of the results of these imperialistic ventures of the pharaohs was the growth in power of the
priests of Amon and the threat it posed to the pharaoh. When young Amenhotep IV (1367-1350
B.C.) came to the throne he was apparently determined to resist the priesthood of Amon.
Supported by his family he ultimately made a clean break with the worship of Amon-Re. He
moved his capital from Thebes (the center of Amon worship) to a city three hundred miles to the
http://pw1.netcom.com/~qkstart/rosetta.html�
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north at a place now called El Amarna. Its god was Aton, the physical disk of the sun, and the
new city was called Akhenaton. The pharaoh changed his name to Akhenaton (it pleases
Aton). The new god was different from any that had come before him, for he was believed to be
universal, not merely Egyptian.
The universal claims for Aton led to religious intolerance of the worshippers of other gods. Their
temples were closed and the name of Amon-Re was removed from all monuments. The old
priests were deprived of their posts and privileges. The new religion was more remote than the
old. Only the pharaoh and his family worshipped Aton directly and the people worshipped the
pharaoh. Akhenatons interest in religious reform proved disastrous in the long run. The Asian
possessions fell away and the economy crumbled as a result. When the pharaoh died, a strong
reaction swept away his lifes work.
His chosen successor was put aside and replaced by Tutankhamon (1347-1339 B.C.), the
husband of one of the daughters of Akhenaton and his wife, Nefertiti. The new pharaoh restored
the old religion and wiped out as much as he could of the memory of the worship of Aton. He
restored Amon to the center of the Egyptian pantheon, abandoned El Amarna, and returned the
capital to Thebes. His magnificent tomb remained intact until its discovery in 1922.
The end of the El Amarna age restored power to the priests of Amon and to the military officers.
Horemhab, a general, restored order and recovered much of the lost empire. He referred to
Akhenaton as the criminal of Akheton and erased his name from the records. Akhenatons city
and memory disappeared for over 3000 years to be rediscovered by accident about a century ago.
Egyptian Religion
Religion was integral to Egyptian life. Religious beliefs formed the basis of Egyptian art,
medicine, astronomy, literature and government. The great pyramids were burial tombs for the
pharaohs who were revered as gods on earth. Magical utterances pervaded medical practices
since disease was attributed to the gods. Astronomy evolved to determine the correct time to
perform religious rites and sacrifices. The earliest examples of literature dealt almost entirely
with religious themes. The pharaoh was a sacrosanct monarch who served as the intermediary
between the gods and man. Justice too, was conceived in religious terms, something bestowed
upon man by the creator-god. Finally, the Egyptians developed an ethical code which they
believed the gods had approved.
J. A. Wilson once remarked that if one were to ask an ancient Egyptian whether the sky was
supported by posts or held up by a god, the Egyptian would answer: Yes, it is supported by
posts or held up by a god -- or it rests on walls, or it is a cow, or it is a goddess whose arms and
feet touch the earth (The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man, 1943). The ancient Egyptian
was ready to accept any and all gods and goddesses that seemed appropriate. For instance, if a
new area was incorporated into the Egyptian state, its gods and goddesses would be added to the
pantheon of those already worshipped.
From its earliest beginnings, Egyptian religious cults included animals. It is no accident that
sheep, bulls, gazelles and cats have been found carefully buried and preserved in their own
graves. As time passed, the figures of Egyptian gods became human (anthropomorphism)
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although they often retained the animals head or body. Osiris, the the Egyptian god who judged
the dead, first emerged as a local deity of the Nile Delta in Lower Egypt. It was Osiris who
taught the Egyptian agriculture. Isis was his wife, and animal-headed Seth, his brother and rival.
Seth killed Osiris. Isis persuaded the gods to bring him back to life, but thereafter he ruled below.
Osiris was identified with the life-giving, fertilizing power of the Nile, and Isis with with the
fertile earth of Egypt. Horus, the god of the sky, defeated the evil Seth after a long struggle.
But Horus was only one kind of sky god. There was also Re, the sun god, later conjoined with
Amen, and still later Aten. The moon god was the baboon-headed Thoth, who was the god of
wisdom, magic and numbers. In the great temple cities such as Heliopolis (city of the sun),
priests worked out and wrote down hierarchies of divinities. In the small communities of
villages, all the forces of nature were deified and worshipped. One local god was part crocodile,
part hippopotamus, and part lion.
Despite the ever-increasing number of deities which could be added to this hierarchy of deities,
one thing is certain: Egyptian religion, unlike the religion of Mesopotamia, was centralized. In
Sumer, the temple was the focus of political, economic and religious organization. Indeed, it was
often difficult to know where one aspect began and another ended. By contrast, the function of
an Egyptian temple was focused on religion.
We are certain that ancient Egyptians were preoccupied with life after death. They believed that
after death each human being would appear before Osiris and recount all the evil that had been
committed during ones earthly existence: I have not done evil to men. I have not ill-treated
animals, and so on. This was a negative confession and justification for admittance into the
blessed afterlife. Osiris would then have the heart of the person weighed in order to determine
the truth of their confession.
The Egyptians believed not only in body and soul, but in ka, the indestructible vital principle of
each person, which left the body at death but which could also return at other times. This
explains why the Egyptians mummified the dead: so that the ka, on its return, would find the
body not decomposed. And this also explains why tombs were filled with wine, grain, weapons,
sailing ships and so on -- ka would find everything it needed, otherwise it might come back to
haunt the living.
|
copyright ?2000 Steven Kreis
The Holy Quran:
Egypt in the Quran:
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62364&[email protected]&uid=77397&extra=&&&2001&&&http://www.yo
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ل أليس لى ملك مصرونادى فرعون قومه قا( 51سورة الزخرف )
قال اهبطوا مصر فان لكم ما سألتم( 61سورة البقرة )
وقال ادخلوا مصر ان شاء هللا آمنين( 99يوسف )
وقال الى اشتراه من مصر ألمرأته أكرمي مثواه( 22يوسف )
وأوحينا الي موسي وأخيه أن تبؤا لقومكما بمصر بيوتا( 87يونس )
The Suez Canal:
The Suez Canal , also known by the nickname The Highway to India, is an artificial sea-
level waterway in UEgypt U, connecting the UMediterranean SeaU and the URed SeaU. . Opened in
November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows Uwater transportationU between
UEuropeU and UAsiaU, without navigation around UAfricaU.
Africa
Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about
30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6\% of the Earths total surface area and
20.4\% of the total land area...
. The northern terminus is UPort SaidU
USuez
. UIsmailiaU
The Suez Canal (Arabic: قناة السويس, Qanā al-Suways), is a large, artificial maritime canal in
UEgypt U west of the USinai PeninsulaU. It is 101 miles long and 984 feet wide at its narrowest point,
running between Port Said on the UMediterranean SeaU, and Suez (al-Suways) on the far northern
shore of the URed SeaU.
The canal allows two-way water transportation between Europe and Asia without
circumnavigation of UAfricaU. Before its opening in 1869, goods were sometimes offloaded from
ships and carried over land between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. The canal comprises
two parts, north and south of the Great Bitter Lake, linking the UMediterranean SeaU to the Gulf of
Suez on the URed SeaU.
If the UNile RiverU is the lifeblood of Egypt, then the Suez Canal is the Egypts umbilical cord to
the world. Some 7.5 percent of the worlds sea trade travels the canal, as does most of Europes
Uoil U. This strategic waterway has existed almost as long as UEgyptian civilizationU, with digging
going back to the Upharaohs U, followed by the Persians, and UPtolemyU; even UNapoleon U saw its value.
Many thousands were said to have died during its construction. Always a geopolitical flashpoint,
international conflicts broke out at the canal in the 1950s and 1960s. Today, the Suez Canal
remains a key short-cut for circumnavigation of the world.
Foreign Powers Occupied Egypt:
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http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm
Persian, Greek, Roman, and Arab Conquerors
In 525 B., Cambyses, the son of Cyrus the Great, led a Persian invasion force that dethroned the
last pharaoh of the 26th Dynasty. The country remained a Persian province until conquered by
Alexander the Great in 322 BC, ushering in Ptolemaic rule in Egypt that lasted for nearly 300
years.
Following a brief Persian reconquest, Egypt was invaded and conquered by Arab forces in 642.
A process of Arabization and Islamization ensued. Although a Coptic Christian minority
remained--and remains today, constituting about 10\% of the population--the Arab language
inexorably supplanted the indigenous Coptic tongue. For the next 1,300 years, a succession of
Arab, Mameluke, and Ottoman caliphs, beys, and sultans ruled the country.
European Influence
The Ottoman Turks controlled Egypt from 1517 until 1882, except for a brief period of French
rule under Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1805, Mohammed Ali, commander of an Albanian contingent
of Ottoman troops, was appointed Pasha, founding the dynasty that ruled Egypt until his great-
great grandson, Farouk I, was overthrown in 1952. Mohammed Ali the Great ruled Egypt until
1848, ushering in the modern history of Egypt. The growth of modern urban Cairo began in the
reign of Ismail (1863-79). Eager to Westernize the capital, he ordered the construction of a
European-style city to the west of the medieval core. The Suez Canal was completed in his reign
in 1869, and its completion was celebrated by many events, including the commissioning of
Verdis Aida for the new opera house and the building of great palaces such as the Omar
Khayyam (originally constructed to entertain the French Empress Eugenie, and now the central
section of the Cairo Marriott Hotel).
In 1882, British expeditionary forces crushed a revolt against the Ottoman rulers, marking the
beginning of British occupation and the virtual inclusion of Egypt within the British Empire. In
deference to growing nationalism, the U.K. unilaterally declared Egyptian independence in 1922.
British influence, however, continued to dominate Egypts political life and fostered fiscal,
administrative, and governmental reforms.
Education and Egyptian Universities
http://www.4icu.org/eg/
Music, Entertainment
Umm Kalthoum
http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/arab_culture_and_identity/28205
Mohamed Abdel Wahab
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Literature
Naguib Mahfouz:
http://www.answers.com/topic/naguib-mahfouz
(born Dec. 11, 1911, Cairo, Egypt — died Aug. 30, 2006, Cairo) Egyptian writer. He worked in
the cultural section of the Egyptian civil service from 1934 to 1971. His major work, the Cairo
Trilogy (1956 – 57) — including the novels Palace Walk, Palace of Desire, and Sugar Street —
represents a penetrating overview of 20th-century Egyptian society. Subsequent works offer
critical views of the Egyptian monarchy, colonialism, and contemporary Egypt. Other well-
known novels include Midaq Alley (1947), Children of Gebelawi (1959), and Miramar (1967).
He also wrote short-story collections, some 30 screenplays, and several stage plays. In 1988 he
became the first Arabic writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.
Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/naguib-mahfouz#ixzz1b82qJ8K8
Tawfiq Al Hakim:
Egyptian dramatist, novelist, and man of letters. http://www.answers.com/topic/tawfiq-al-hakim
Tawfiq al-Hakim was born in Alexandria, and his early life was shaped by his fathers frequent
moves from job to job and by his ambition that his son should become a lawyer. Al-Hakims real
interests, however, lay elsewhere; while still a student at the School of Law in Cairo, he wrote
some plays (published under a pseudonym) for the Ukasha troupe. When he failed in his legal
studies, his father sent him to France to study for a doctorate. Al-Hakim traveled to Paris in
1925, an event that was to be a turning point in his life. Instead of studying law, he immersed
himself in European culture, particularly drama, and was strongly influenced by the works of
Shaw, Pirandello, Ibsen, and Maeterlinck. Upon returning to Egypt in 1928, he prepared for
publication a number of literary projects begun in Paris but also worked for a time as a deputy
public prosecutor (naʾib) in the Nile delta area and, later, as an official in the ministry of social
affairs. In 1943 he resigned his position as a civil servant to devote himself to his writing. Later
in life, and particularly during the presidency of Anwar al-Sadat, he became somewhat
controversial, partly because of his book Awdat al-Waʿy (1974; published in 1985 in English as
The Return of Consciousness), in which the course of the Egyptian revolution and the status of
Egypts former president Gamal Abdel Nasser was critically reexamined. Only a short time
before his death in 1987, he published a series of articles under the title Hiwar maʿ Allah
(Conversation with God), which aroused the ire of the religious establishment.
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The inspiration that al-Hakim had found in France bore fruit when two of his works were
published in 1933 to immediate critical acclaim: the play Ahl al-Kahf (People of the cave) and
the novel Awdat al-Ruh (Return of the spirit). The latter was to be the first of a series of partially
autobiographical contributions to fiction to be published in the 1930s. While it deals with the life
of an Egyptian family during the turbulent years surrounding the revolution of 1919, Yawmiyyat
Naʾib fi al-Aryaf (Diary of a provincial public prosecutor, 1937; published in English as The
Maze of Justice, 1989) is a most successful portrait of the dilemma faced by Egyptian rural
society in its confrontation with the laws and imported values of Europe, and Usfur min al-Sharq
(1938; published in English as A Bird from the East, 1966) takes Muhsin, the main character in
Awdat al-Ruh, to Paris.
Ahl al-Kahf was to mark the official beginning of the most notable career in Arabic drama to
date. Along with several other plays written in the 1930s and 1940s (such as Shahrazad [1934; in
English, 1981], Pygmalion [1942], and Al-Malik Udib [1949; in English, King Oedipus, 1981]),
it dealt with historical and philosophical themes culled from a wide variety of sources and thus
was seen as providing the dramatic genre with a cultural status that it had not enjoyed previously.
Al-Hakims dramatic output is vast and extends over five decades. It includes other plays with
philosophical themes, two collections of shorter …
Chapter 4
Hellenistic Civilization and the Rise of Rome
*
The Changing Framework of Politics
The Hellenistic monarchies
The rise of Rome
The nature of government
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
The Tenor of Life
The experiences of women
Urban life
Roman values
Pietas
Gravitas
Constantia
Magnitudo anime
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
Hellenistic Cultures
Drama and literature
New Comedy: Menander
Alexandrianism: Theocritus and Apollonius
Age of Cicero
Philosophy and religion
Cynicism
Skepticism
Epicureanism
Skepticism
Fate and the mystery cults
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
Philosophy in the Hellenistic Age
Cynicism
Skepticism
Epicureanism
Stoicism
True freedom arises from realizing that if one wants nothing, then one will never lack anything
Nothing can be known for certain; question all ideas
Only the atoms and void exist; pleasure is the highest good; death is final in its extinction of consciousness; the gods play no active role in human affairs
The world is governed by the divine logos, or reason, or nature; wisdom and freedom consist of living in harmony with the logos
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
Slice of Life:
Street Scene in Hellenistic Egypt
Theocritus, from Idylls, third century BCE
In Hellenistic Egypt, two society matrons, Gorgo and Praxinoa, each with her maid in tow, make their way through the crowded streets of Alexandria on their way to the palace of Ptolemy II to hear a singer perform at the festival of Adonis.
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
Chief Roman Gods and Goddesses and their Greek Counterparts
Roman
Jupiter
Juno
Neptune
Pluto
Vesta
Apollo
Diana
Mars
Venus
Vulcan
Minerva
Mercury
Greek
Zeus
Hera
Poseidon
Hades
Hestia
Apollo
Artemis
Ares
Aphrodite
Hephaestus
Athena
Hermes
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
Hellenistic Cultures
Science and technology
Aristarchus
Eratosthenes
Euclid
Archimedes
Roman military technology
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
Encounter:
The Invention of Parchment and the Birth of the Secular Library
The Hellenistic kingdom of Pergamum in northwestern Anatolia (modern Turkey) gave birth to an improved technology for writing surfaces—parchment—and a new civic institution—the secular library. Both achievements played a defining role in the heritage of the West.
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
Hellenistic Cultures
Architecture
The Corinthian temple
The altar
Sculpture
Rhodian school
Genre subjects
Neoclassicism
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
The Legacy of the Hellenistic World
Urbanism
Cosmopolitanism
Science and philosophy
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
Sphinx and pyramid
in Giza, Egypt
Ancient Egypt
c. 3100 B.C.
Narmer
unites
Egypt
c. 2540 B.C.
Great
Pyramid at
Giza built
c. 1500 B.C.
Queen
Hatshepsut
reigns
728 B.C.
Piye of Kush
defeats
Egyptians
3500 B.C. 2500 B.C. 1500 B.C. 500 B.C.3500 B.C. 2500 B.C. 1500 B.C. 500 B.C.
3
4
–
3
5
B
ri
a
n
L
a
w
re
n
ce
/I
m
a
g
e
S
ta
te
034-037 Ch2 CO-824133 3/9/04 4:37 PM Page 34
Chapter Preview
While the people of Mesopotamia fought wars, people
along Africa’s Nile River formed rich and powerful civiliza-
tions. Read this chapter to learn how the people of Egypt
and Kush built large monuments that still stand today.
View the Chapter 2 video in the World History:
Journey Across Time Video Program.
The Nile Valley
The fertile land along the great Nile River supported the
Egyptian civilization.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
During the Old Kingdom period, Egyptians built cities, great
pyramids, and a strong kingdom.
The Egyptian Empire
Many changes occurred during Egypt’s Middle and New
Kingdoms. It expanded into a great empire as art, literature,
and architecture blossomed.
The Civilization of Kush
South of Egypt a new civilization arose called Kush. Kushites
adopted Egyptian ways and eventually conquered Egypt itself.
Chapter Overview Visit
jat.glencoe.com for a preview
of Chapter 2.
Organizing Information Make this foldable to help you organize the key events
and ideas from ancient Egypt and Kush.
Reading and Writing
As you read the chapter,
take notes under the
appropriate tabs. Write
main ideas and key terms
under the “what” tab.
Step 1 Stack
two sheets of
paper so that
the front sheet
is one inch
higher than the
back sheet.
Step 2 Fold down the top edges of the paper to
form four tabs. Align the edges so that all of the
layers or tabs are the same distance apart.
Step 3 Crease the paper to hold the tabs in
place, then staple them together. Cut the top
three thicknesses to create a layered book.
Step 4 Label the booklet as
shown and take notes on the
inside.
This makes all
the tabs the
same size.
Kush
where?
when?
what?
Egypt
where?
when?
what?
Staple
together along
the fold.
CHAPTER 2 Ancient Egypt 35
034-037 Ch2 CO-824133 7/14/04 6:50 PM Page 35
http://jat.glencoe.com
36
What Do You Predict?
A prediction is a guess based on what you already know.
Making predictions before you read can help you understand
and remember what you read.
How do you make predictions? Read the Main Ideas below.
They were taken from the opening page of Section 2 on page
47. Use these main ideas to make predictions about what you
will read in this chapter.
Predicting
Predict what
the term
“all-powerful”
means.• Egypt was ruled by all-powerful
pharaohs.
• The Egyptians believed in many
gods and goddesses and in life
after death for the pharaohs.
• The Egyptians of the Old Kingdom
built huge stone pyramids as tombs
for their pharaohs.
—from page 47
Can you
predict what
tools the
Egyptians
used to build
the pyramids?
What does
“life after
death” mean?
As you r
ead, che
ck your
predictio
ns to see
if
they wer
e correct
.
034-037 Ch2 CO-824133 7/14/04 6:51 PM Page 36
Read to WriteMaking Predictions
Read the Main Ideas below from Section 1 of
this chapter.
Select one blue sub-
head in this chapter.
Without reading the text
under that subhead,
write a paragraph that
you think might appear
there. Check the facts in
your paragraph to see if
they are correct.
37
Make at least one prediction about
each of the main ideas. Write down
each prediction. Then, as you read this
section, decide if your predictions
were correct.
• The Egyptian civilization began in the
fertile Nile River valley, where natural
barriers discouraged invasions.
• The Egyptians depended on the
Nile’s floods to grow their crops.
• Around 3100 B.C., Egypt’s two major
kingdoms, Upper Egypt and Lower
Egypt, were combined into one.
• Egyptian society was divided into
social groups based on wealth and
power.
—from page 38
Before you read the chapter, skim
the questions on pages 74–75 in the
Chapter Assessment and Activities.
Choose three questions and predict
what the answers will be.
E
g
yp
tia
n
N
a
tio
n
a
l
M
u
se
u
m
,
C
a
ir
o
/S
u
p
e
rS
to
ck
034-037 Ch2 CO-824133 3/9/04 1:25 AM Page 37
What’s the Connection?
In Chapter 1, you learned about
the early civilization in Mesopotamia.
At about the same time, another
civilization was forming near the Nile
River. We call this civilization ancient
Egypt.
Focusing on the
• The Egyptian civilization began in
the fertile Nile River valley, where
natural barriers discouraged
invasions. (page 39)
• The Egyptians depended on the Nile’s
floods to grow their crops. (page 41)
• Around 3100 B.C., Egypt’s two major
kingdoms, Upper Egypt and Lower
Egypt, were combined into one.
(page 43)
• Egyptian society was divided into
social groups based on wealth and
power. (page 45)
Locating Places
Egypt (EE • jihpt)
Nile River (NYL)
Sahara (suh • HAR • uh)
Meeting People
Narmer (NAR • muhr)
Building Your Vocabulary
cataract (KA • tuh • RAKT)
delta (DEHL • tuh)
papyrus (puh • PY • ruhs)
hieroglyphics (HY • ruh • GLIH • fihks)
dynasty (DY • nuh • stee)
Reading Strategy
Organizing Information Create
a diagram to describe Egyptians’
irrigation systems.
c. 5000 B.C.
Agriculture
begins along
Nile River
c. 4000 B.C.
Egypt is made
up of two
kingdoms
c. 3100 B.C.
Narmer
unites
Egypt
N
ile
R
.
Memphis
5000 B.C. 4000 B.C. 3000 B.C.5000 B.C. 4000 B.C. 3000 B.C.
38 CHAPTER 2 Ancient Egypt
Irrigation
The
Nile Valley
038-046 Ch2 S1-824133 3/9/04 1:42 AM Page 38
Settling the Nile
The Egyptian civilization began in the
fertile Nile River valley, where natural barriers dis-
couraged invasions.
Reading Focus Did you know that the Nile River is
longer than the Amazon, the Mississippi, and every
other river in the world? Read on to find out when
ancient peoples first moved to its fertile banks.
Between 6000 B.C. and 5000 B.C., hunters
and food gatherers moved into the green
Nile River valley from less fertile areas of
Africa and southwest Asia. They settled
down, farmed the land, and created several
dozen villages along the riverbanks. These
people became the earliest Egyptians.
A Mighty River Although Egypt (EE • jihpt)
was warm and sunny, the land received little
rainfall. For water, the Egyptians had to rely
on the Nile River (NYL). They drank from it,
bathed in it, and used it for farming, cook-
ing, and cleaning. The river provided fish
and supported plants and animals. To the
Egyptians, then, the Nile was a precious gift.
They praised it in a song: “Hail O Nile, who
comes from the earth, who comes to give life
to the people of Egypt.”
Even today, the Nile inspires awe. It is
the world’s longest river, flowing north from
the heart of Africa to the Mediterranean Sea.
This is a distance of some 4,000 miles (6,437
km). Traveling the length of the Nile would
be like going from Atlanta, Georgia, to San
Francisco, California, and then back again.
The Nile begins as two separate
rivers. One river, the Blue Nile, has its
source in the mountains of eastern
Africa. The other, the White Nile,
starts in marshes in central Africa.
The two rivers meet and form the
Nile just south of Egypt. There, nar-
row cliffs and boulders in the Nile
form wild rapids called cataracts (KA • tuh •
RAKTS). Because of the cataracts, large ships
can use the Nile only for its last 650 miles
(1,046 km), where it flows through Egypt.
A Sheltered Land In Egypt, the Nile runs
through a narrow, green valley. Look at the
map below. You can see that the Nile looks
like the long stem of a flower. Shortly before
the Nile reaches the Mediterranean Sea, it
divides into different branches that look
like the flower ’s blossom. These branches
fan out over an area of fertile soil called a
delta (DEHL • tuh).
100 km0
Azimuthal Equidistant projection
100 mi.0
N
S
W E
30°E
30°N
20°N
Me d i t e r r a n e a n Se a
R
ed
S
ea
Dead
Sea
N
ile
R
iver
Great Pyramid
and Sphinx
First Cataract
Second Cataract
ARABIAN
DESERT
WESTERN
DESERT
EASTERN
DESERT
NILE DELTA
LOWER EGYPT
UPPER EGYPT
NUBIA
Giza
Memphis
Thebes
Ancient Egypt c. 3100 B.C.
Egyptian civilization developed in the narrow
strip of fertile land along the Nile River.
1. What physical features border the Nile River
to the east and west?
2. About how far is it from the first cataract
to the second cataract?
Find NGS online map resources @
www.nationalgeographic.com/maps
39
Nile Valley
KEY
Motion
In
038-046 Ch2 S1-875047 9/12/06 3:40 PM Page 39
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/maps
On both sides of the Nile Valley and its
delta, deserts unfold as far as the eye can
see. To the west is a vast desert that forms
part of the Sahara (suh • HAR • uh), the largest
desert in the world. To the east, stretching to
the Red Sea, is the Eastern Desert. In some
places, the change from green land to bar-
ren sand is so abrupt that a person can
stand with one foot in each.
The ancient Egyptians called the deserts
“the Red Land” because of their burning
heat. Although these vast expanses could
not support farming or human life, they
did serve a useful purpose: they kept out-
side armies away from Egypt’s territory.
Other geographic features also pro-
tected the Egyptians. To the far south, the
Nile’s dangerous cataracts blocked enemy
boats from reaching Egypt. In the north, the
delta marshes offered no harbors for
invaders approaching from the sea. In this
regard, the Egyptians were luckier than the
people of Mesopotamia. In that region, few
natural barriers protected the cities. The
Mesopotamians constantly had to fight off
attackers, but Egypt rarely faced threats. As
a result, Egyptian civilization was able to
grow and prosper.
Despite their isolation, the Egyptians
were not completely closed to the outside
world. The Mediterranean Sea bordered
Egypt to the north, and the Red Sea lay
beyond the desert to the east. These bodies
of water gave the Egyptians a way to trade
with people outside Egypt.
Within Egypt, people used the Nile for
trade and transportation. Winds from the
north pushed sailboats south. The flow of
the Nile carried them north. Egyptian vil-
lages thus had frequent, friendly contact
with one another, unlike the hostile relations
between the Mesopotamian city-states.
Summarize What was
Egypt’s physical setting like?
40 CHAPTER 2 Ancient Egypt
Today, the Nile River valley makes up only about 3 percent of Egypt’s
land, yet most Egyptians live and work in the area. How did the deserts
surrounding the Nile Valley help protect Egypt?
John Lawrence/Getty Images
038-046 Ch2 S1-824133 3/9/04 1:53 AM Page 40
The River People
The Egyptians depended on the Nile’s
floods to grow their crops.
Reading Focus When you hear about floods, do you
picture terrible damage and loss of life? Read on to
learn why the Egyptians welcomed, rather than feared,
the flooding of the Nile.
In Chapter 1, you learned that the peo-
ple of Mesopotamia had to tame the floods
of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in order
to farm. They learned to do so, but the
unpredictable rivers loomed as a constant
threat.
Regular Flooding Like the Mesopotamians,
the Egyptians also had to cope with river
floods. However, the Nile floods were
much more dependable and gentle than
those of the Tigris and the Euphrates. As a
result, the Egyptians were able to farm and
live securely. They did not worry that sud-
den, heavy overflows would destroy their
homes and crops, or that too little flooding
would leave their fields parched.
Every spring, heavy rains from central
Africa and melting snows from the high-
lands of east Africa added to the waters of
the Nile as it flowed north. From July to
October, the Nile spilled over its banks.
When the waters went down, they left
behind a layer of dark, fertile mud.
Because of these deposits, the Egyptians
called their land Kemet (KEH • meht), “the
Black Land.”
How Did the Egyptians Use the Nile? The
Egyptians took advantage of the Nile’s
floods to become successful farmers. They
planted wheat, barley, and flax seeds in the
wet, rich soil. Over time, they grew more
than enough food to feed themselves and
the animals they raised.
One reason for their success was the
wise use of irrigation. Egyptian farmers
first dug basins, or bowl-shaped holes, in
the earth to trap the floodwaters. The farm-
ers then dug canals to carry water from the
basins to fields beyond the river ’s reach.
The Egyptians also built dikes, or earthen
banks, to strengthen the basin walls.
In time, Egyptian farmers developed
other technology to help them in their work.
For example, they used a shadoof (shuh •
DOOF), a bucket attached to a long pole, to
lift water from the Nile to the basins. Many
Egyptian farmers still use this device today.
Hymn to
the Nile
This passage is part of a hymn written around
2100 B.C. It shows how important the Nile
River was to the people of ancient Egypt.
“You create the grain, you bring forth the barley,
assuring perpetuity [survival] to the temples. If
you cease your toil and your work, then all that
exists is in anguish.”
—author unknown, “Hymn to the Nile”
How does this hymn show that the ancient
Egyptians thought of the Nile as a god?
A shadoof
CHAPTER 2 Ancient Egypt 41
Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY
038-046 Ch2 S1-824133 3/9/04 1:56 AM Page 41
Early Egyptians also developed geome-
try to survey, or measure, land. When
floods washed away boundary markers
dividing one field from the next, the
Egyptians surveyed the fields again to see
where one began and the other ended.
Egyptians used Papyrus (puh • PY • ruhs), a
reed plant that grew along the Nile, to make
baskets, sandals, and river rafts. Later, they
used papyrus for papermaking. They did
this by cutting strips from the stalks of the
plant. Then they soaked them in water,
pounded them flat, dried them, and then
joined them together to make paper.
What Were Hieroglyphics? The Egyptians
used their papyrus rolls as writing paper.
Like the people of Mesopotamia, the
Egyptians developed their own system of
writing. Originally, it was made up of thou-
sands of picture symbols. Some symbols
stood for objects and ideas. To communicate
the idea of a boat, for example, a scribe
would draw a boat. Later, Egyptians created
symbols that stood for sounds, just as the
letters of our alphabet do. Combining both
picture symbols and sound symbols created
a complex writing system that was later
called hieroglyphics (HY • ruh • GLIH • fihks).
In ancient Egypt, few people could read
and write. Some Egyptian men, however,
went to special schools located at Egyptian
temples to study reading and writing and
learn to become scribes. Scribes kept
records and worked for the rulers, priests,
and traders. Scribes also painstakingly
carved hieroglyphics onto stone walls and
monuments. For everyday purposes,
scribes invented a simpler script and wrote
or painted on papyrus.
Identify What crops did
the ancient Egyptians grow?
From Farming to Food Harvesting wheat and
turning it into bread was vital to the ancient
Egyptians. Some people were full-time farmers,
but many others were drafted by the government
Tomb painting showing wheat
being harvested
Tomb painting showing Egyptian man
and woman plowing and planting
42
wooden sickles and women gathered it into bundles.
Animals trampled the wheat to separate the kernels from
the husks. The grain was then thrown into the air so the
wind would carry away the lightweight seed coverings.
Finally, the grain was stored in silos for later use.
to help during busy
seasons.
The process began as
men cut the wheat with
(b
l)
G
ir
a
u
d
o
n
/A
rt
R
e
so
u
rc
e
,
N
Y
,
(r
)G
ia
n
n
i
D
a
g
li
O
rt
i/C
O
R
B
IS
038-046 Ch2 S1-875047 9/7/06 8:34 PM Page 42
A United Egypt
Around 3100 B.C., Egypt’s two major
kingdoms, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt, were com-
bined into one.
Reading Focus What types of services does your
local government provide? Read on to find out about
the government in ancient Egypt.
In Egypt, as in Mesopotamia, skillful
farming led to surpluses—extra amounts—
of food. This freed some people to work as
artisans instead of farmers. They wove
cloth, made pottery, carved statues, or
shaped copper into weapons and tools.
As more goods became available,
Egyptians traded with each other. Before
long, Egyptian traders were carrying goods
beyond Egypt’s borders to Mesopotamia.
There they may have picked up ideas about
writing and government.
The Rise of Government The advances in
farming, crafts, and trade created a need for
government in Egypt. Irrigation systems
had to be built and maintained, and surplus
grain had to be stored and passed out in
times of need. In addition, disputes over
land ownership had to be settled. Gradually,
government emerged to plan and to direct
such activities.
The earliest rulers were village chiefs.
Over time, a few strong chiefs united
groups of villages into small kingdoms. The
strongest of these kingdoms eventually
overpowered the weaker ones. By 4000 B.C.,
Egypt was made up of two large kingdoms.
In the Nile delta was Lower Egypt. To the
south, upriver, lay Upper Egypt.
Egypt’s Ruling Families About 3100 B.C., the
two kingdoms became one. Credit for this
goes to Narmer (NAR • muhr), also known
Connecting to the Past
1. How did the government ensure that enough people were
available to harvest the wheat?
2. Why do you think seeds, fruit, and other additives were
reserved for the wealthy?
Turning grain into bread was a long process. Women
ground the grain into flour, then men pounded it until
it became very fine. For the wealthy, seeds, honey, fruit,
nuts, and herbs were added to the dough for flavor.
Unfortunately, it was almost impossible to keep small
stones and sand out of the flour. As a result, many
Egyptians developed tooth decay as these particles
wore down their tooth enamel.
A replica of an ancient
Egyptian bakery
Wheat being
harvested today
43
Baking bread in pots
(l
)C
a
ro
lin
e
P
e
n
n
/C
O
R
B
IS
,
(o
th
e
rs
)K
e
n
n
e
th
G
a
rr
e
tt
038-046 Ch2 S1-824133 3/9/04 1:59 AM Page 43
44 CHAPTER 2 Ancient Egypt
as Menes (MEE • neez). As king of Upper
Egypt, he led his armies north and took con-
trol of Lower Egypt.
Narmer ruled from Memphis, a city he
built on the border between the two king-
doms. To symbolize the kingdom’s unity,
Narmer wore a double crown: the helmet-
like white crown represented Upper Egypt,
and the open red crown represented Lower
Egypt.
Natural Defenses Flat mud plains; few
natural defenses
Unpredictable, and a constant
threat to the people
Rivers
Floods
Economy
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Farming and trade
Many defenses: Nile delta,
Sahara, Eastern Desert,
and cataracts
Dependable and regular;
not feared
Nile River
Farming and trade
Government City-state led by kings and priests;
eventually empires formed
Villages led by chiefs, then united
into kingdoms; kingdoms later
united and ruled by pharaohs
Work of Artisans Metal products, pottery, cloth Metal products, pottery, cloth
Advances • Cuneiform writing
• Number system based on 60
• 12-month calendar
• Wagon wheel, plow, sailboat
• Hieroglyphic writing
• 365-day calendar
• Number system based on 10,
and fractions
• Medicine and first medical books
Mesopotamia Egypt
Comparing Mesopotamia to EgyptComparing Mesopotamia to Egypt
Narmer’s united kingdom held together
long after his death. Members of his family
passed the ruling power from father to son
to grandson. Such a line of rulers from one
family is called a dynasty (DY • nuh • stee).
When one dynasty died out, another took
its place.
Over time, ancient Egypt would be
ruled by 31 dynasties, which together lasted
about 2,800 years. Historians group Egypt’s
dynasties into three main time periods
called kingdoms. The earliest period, the
Old Kingdom, was followed by the Middle
Kingdom and then the New Kingdom. Each
marked a long period of strong leadership
and stability.
Define What is a dynasty?
The civilizations of both Mesopotamia and
Egypt depended on rivers for fertile lands and
irrigation.
1. Which civilization had greater natural
defenses? Explain.
2. Compare Use the chart to compare the
governments of the two civilizations.
038-046 Ch2 S1-824133 6/30/05 5:46 PM Page 44
Early Egyptian Life
Egyptian society was divided into
social groups based on wealth and power.
Reading Focus Did you play with dolls or balls
when you were young? Egyptian children did too.
Keep reading for more details about the Egyptians’
daily life.
If you made a diagram of the different
social groups in ancient Egypt, you would
find that they make a pyramid shape. At the
top was the king and his family. Beneath
that level was a small upper class of priests,
army commanders, and nobles. Next came
a larger base of skilled middle-class people,
such as traders, artisans, and shopkeepers.
At the bottom was the largest group—
unskilled workers and farmers.
Egypt’s Social Classes Egypt’s upper class
was made up of nobles, priests, and other
wealthy Egyptians who worked as the
government officials. They lived in cities and
on large estates along the Nile River. They
had elegant homes made of wood and mud
bricks, with beautiful gardens and pools
filled with fish and water lilies. Wealthy fam-
ilies had servants to wait on them and to per-
form household tasks. The men and women
dressed in white linen clothes and wore
heavy eye makeup and jewelry.
Egypt’s middle class included people
who ran businesses or produced goods.
They lived in much smaller homes and
dressed more simply. Artisans formed an
important group within the middle class.
They produced linen cloth, jewelry, pottery,
and metal goods.
CHAPTER 2 Ancient Egypt 45
Pharaoh
Farmers and
herders
Unskilled
workers
Priests and
nobles
Traders, artisans,
shopkeepers, and
scribes
Ancient Egyptian society was
highly structured. At the top
was the pharaoh and his family.
At the bottom was the group
with the least wealth—unskilled
workers. What group was just
below the pharaoh in Egyptian
society?
038-046 Ch2 S1-824133 3/9/04 2:02 AM Page 45
1. What is papyrus and how did
the Egyptians use it?
2. What rights did women have in
ancient Egypt?
Critical Thinking
3. Cause and Effect Draw a
diagram to show three things
that led to the growth of gov-
ernment in ancient Egypt.
4. Geography Skills How did
the geography of the Nile River
valley lead to the growth of a
civilization there?
5. Describe Describe the
Egyptian writing system.
6. Analyze What was the signif-
icance of Narmer’s double
crown?
7. Predicting Use
what you have learned in this
section to write a paragraph
predicting what life might have
been like on an ancient
Egyptian farm.
Growth of
Government in
Ancient Egypt
What Did You Learn?
Study Central™ Need help with the
material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com
46 CHAPTER 2 Ancient Egypt46 CHAPTER 2 Ancient Egypt46 CHAPTER 2 Ancient Egypt
Farmers made up the largest group of
early Egyptians. Some rented their land from
their ruler, paying him with a hefty portion
of their crops. Most, however, worked the
land of wealthy nobles. They lived in vil-
lages along the Nile, in one-room huts with
roofs made of palm leaves. They had a sim-
ple diet of bread, beer, vegetables, and fruit.
Many of Egypt’s city dwellers were
unskilled workers who did physical labor.
Some unloaded cargo from boats and car-
ried it to markets. Others made and stacked
mud bricks for buildings. Workers lived in
crowded city neighborhoods. They had
small mud-brick homes with hard-packed
dirt floors and a courtyard for the family’s
animals. On the flat rooftops, families
talked, played games, and slept. Women
worked on the rooftops, drying fruit, mak-
ing bread, and weaving cloth.
Family Life In ancient Egypt, the father
headed the family. However, Egyptian
women had more rights than females in
most other early civilizations. In Egypt,
women could own and pass on property.
They could buy and sell goods, make wills,
and obtain divorces. Upper-class women
were in charge of temples and could per-
form religious ceremonies.
Few Egyptians sent their children to
school. Mothers taught their daughters to
sew, cook, and run a household. Boys
learned farming or skilled trades from
their fathers. Egyptian children had time
for fun, as well. They played with board
games, dolls, spinning tops, and stuffed
leather balls.
Identify Who made up the
largest group in Egyptian society?
Reading Summary
Review the
• The deserts on either side of the
Nile Valley, along with the Nile
cataracts and delta marshes, pro-
tected Egypt from invaders.
• The Egyptians became successful
farmers using the Nile River’s
floods and irrigation.
• About 3100 B.C., Narmer united
Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt.
• Egypt’s society was divided into
upper-class priests and nobles,
middle-class artisans and mer-
chants, and lower-class workers
and farmers.
038-046 Ch2 S1-824133 3/17/05 11:24 AM Page 46
http://jat.glencoe.com
What’s the Connection?
In Section 1, you learned that
Egyptian dynasties are divided into
the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom,
and New Kingdom. In Section 2,
you will learn about the Egyptians’
leaders, religion, and way of life in
the Old Kingdom.
Focusing on the
• Egypt was ruled by all-powerful
pharaohs. (page 48)
• The Egyptians believed in many gods
and goddesses and in life after death
for the pharaohs. (page 49)
• The Egyptians of the Old Kingdom
built huge stone pyramids as tombs
for their pharaohs. (page 50)
Locating Places
Giza (GEE • zuh)
Meeting People
King Khufu (KOO • foo)
Building Your Vocabulary
pharaoh (FEHR • oh)
deity (DEE • uh • tee)
embalming (ihm • BAHM • ihng)
mummy (MUH • mee)
pyramid (PIHR • uh • MIHD)
Reading Strategy
Organizing Information Use a
graphic organizer like the one below
to identify the different beliefs in
Egypt’s religion.
Egypt’s Old
Kingdom
c. 2600 B.C.
Old Kingdom
period begins
c. 2540 B.C.
Great Pyramid
at Giza built
c. 2300 B.C.
Old Kingdom
declines
N
ile
R.
Memphis
Giza
2600 B.C. 2400 B.C. 2200 B.C.2600 B.C. 2400 B.C. 2200 B.C.
CHAPTER 2 Ancient Egypt 47
Egyptian beliefs
047-052 Ch2 S2-824133 3/9/04 2:43 AM Page 47
Old Kingdom Rulers
Egypt was ruled by all-powerful
pharaohs.
Reading Focus Would you want your student body
president or your sports team captain to have unlimited
authority? Think what it would be like to have such a
leader as you read about the rulers of ancient Egypt.
Around 2600 B.C., the period known as
the Old Kingdom began in Egypt. The Old
Kingdom lasted until about 2300 B.C. During
those years, Egypt grew and prospered. The
Egyptians built cities and expanded trade,
and their kings set up a strong government.
The Egyptian kings, or pharaohs (FEHR •
ohs) as they were called, lived with their fami-
lies in grand palaces. In fact, the word pharaoh
originally meant “great house.” The pharaoh
was an all-powerful ruler who guided Egypt’s
every activity. His word was law, and it had to
be obeyed without question.
Pharaohs appointed many officials to
carry out their wishes. These officials saw to
it that irrigation canals and grain store-
houses were built and repaired. They made
sure that crops were planted as the pharaoh
directed. They also controlled trade and col-
lected tax payments of grain from farmers.
Why did Egyptians willingly serve the
pharaoh? One reason was that they believed
the unity of the kingdom depended on a
strong leader. Another was that they consid-
ered the pharaoh to be the son of Re (RAY), the
Egyptian sun god. As a result, his subjects
paid him the greatest respect. Whenever he
appeared in public, people played music on
flutes and cymbals. Bystanders along the
road had to bow down and “smell the earth,”
or touch their heads to the ground.
The Egyptians thought their pharaoh
was a god on earth who controlled Egypt’s
welfare. He carried out certain rituals that
were thought to benefit the kingdom. For
example, he drove a sacred bull around
Memphis, the capital city. The Egyptians
believed this ceremony would keep the soil
rich and ensure good crops. The pharaoh
was also the first to cut ripe grain. Egyptians
believed this would bring a good harvest.
Analyze Why did the
pharaohs hold so much power?
The Great Sphinx, a huge statue with the head of a man
(perhaps a pharaoh) and the body of a lion, stands guard
outside the tomb of a pharaoh. What did the word
pharaoh mean, and why was it used for Egypt’s rulers?
S
yl
va
in
G
ra
n
d
a
d
a
m
/G
e
tt
y
Im
a
g
e
s
047-052 Ch2 S2-824133 3/9/04 2:46 AM Page 48
Egypt’s Religion
The Egyptians believed in many gods
and goddesses and in life after death for the
pharaohs.
Reading Focus Have you seen …
E g y p t i a n c i v i l i z a t i o nE g y p t i a n c i v i l i z a t i o nEgyptian
Civilization …
contentscontents
CONTENTS
GEOGRAPHY OF EGYPT
EGYPT AND THE NILE
THE NILE RIVER
MASTABAS
EOLUTION OF PYRAMID
CLOTHING
FOODS
HOMES
LANGUAGES
EGYPTIAN SOCIAL PYRAMID
PHARAOHS
RELIGION
MUMMIFICATION
THE PROCESS OF MUMMIFICATION
CONTRIBUTTION OF EGYPT
OTHER SYMBOLS
F l o o d e d e v e r y y e a r
P r o v i d e d f e r t i l e s o i l f o r
c r o p s
W a s t h e “ L i f e l i n e ” f o r
E g y p t
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R o u t e
U s e d f o r I r r i g a t i o n
F l o w s s o u t h t o n o r t h
M o u t h = “ D e l t a ”
The Nile River
m a s t a b a sm a s t a b a s
M A S T A B A
S
Evolution of pyramidEvolution of pyramid
D
EVOLUTION OF PYRAMID
I r r i g a t i o n s y s t e m s w a t e r e d
c r o p s
M a i n c r o p s w e r e b a r l e y ,
w h e a t a n d f l a x
M a i n f o o d w a s b r e a d a n d
b e e r , f i s h , v e g e t a b l e s a n d
f r u i t . O n l y t h e w e a l t h y a t e
m e a t .
Food
E g y p t ’ s w e a t h e r i s v e r y
w a r m
P e o p l e w o r e l i n e n r o b e s
W o m e n w o r e m a k e - u p a n d
j e w e l r y
P e o p l e s h a v e d t h e i r h e a d s
a n d w o r e w i g s f o r s p e c i a l
o c c a s i o n s .
Clothing
E g y p t i a n
S o c i a l
C l a s s e s
w e r e
b a s e d o n
w e a l t h ,
j o b a n d
e d u c a t i o
n
E g y p t i a n S o c i a l
P y r a m i d
P e o p l e b u i l t h o m e s f r o m m u d
b r i c k s
M o r e i m p o r t a n t p e o p l e h a d
b e t t e r h o u s e s .
O n l y t h e w e a l t h y h a d
“ b a t h r o o m s ”
Homes
L a n g u a g eL a n g u a g e
E g y p t i a n s d e v e l o p e d a f o r m o f p i c t u r e o r
s y m b o l w r i t i n g k n o w n a s h i e r o g l y p h i c s .E g y p t i a n s d e v e l o p e d a
f o r m o f p i c t u r e o r s y m b o l
w r i t i n g k n o w n a s
h i e r o g l y p h i c s .
L A N G U A G E
T h e k i n g o r r u l e r o f E g y p t
w a s c a l l e d a P h a r a o h .
T h e P h a r a o h w a s s e e n a s a
g o d .
E v e r y o n e w o r k e d f o r t h e
p h a r a o h .
W h e n h e d i e d , t h e p h a r a o h
w a s m u m m i f i e d a n d b u r i e d i n
a b e a u t i f u l c h a m b e r a l o n g
w i t h h i s b e l o n g i n g s .
L i k e a l l c i v i l i z a t i o n s ,
E g y p t i a n s h a d t h e n e e d f o r
l a w s . T h e P h a r a o h w a s t h e
s u p r e m e j u d g e o f w h a t w a s
r i g h t a n d w r o n g u n d e r t h e
l a w .
Pharaohs
T h e E g y p t i a n s
b e l i e v e d i n m a n y g o d s .
E g y p t i a n s p r a y e d t o
d i f f e r e n t g o d s w h o
c o n t r o l l e d d i f f e r e n t
t h i n g s .
T h e y b u i l t t e m p l e s a n d
s h r i n e s t o h o n o r t h e i r
g o d s .
T h e E g y p t i a n s
b e l i e v e d i n a n
“ a f t e r l i f e . ”
R E L I G I O N
Anubis –
God of
Preserving
the Dead
Ra – God of
the Sun
Horus –
God of
the Sky
Anubis – God
of Preserving
the Dead
Osiris –
God of the
Dead and
the
Underworld
M u m m i f i c a t i o nM u m m i f i c a t i o n
E g y p t i a n s b e l i e v e d t h a t w h e n p e o p l e d i e ,
t h e y m o v e o n t o a n o t h e r w o r l d .
S i n c e p e o p l e n e e d e d t h e i r b o d y i n t h e
a f t e r l i f e , i t w o u l d n e e d t o b e “ p r e s e r v e d . ”
T h e p r o c e s s o f m u m m i f i c a t i o n w a s
d e v e l o p e d .
E g y p t i a n s b e l i e v e d t h a t w h e n p e o p l e
d i e , t h e y m o v e o n t o a n o t h e r w o r l d .
S i n c e p e o p l e n e e d e d t h e i r b o d y i n
t h e a f t e r l i f e , i t w o u l d n e e d t o b e
“ p r e s e r v e d . ”
T h e p r o c e s s o f m u m m i f i c a t i o n w a s
d e v e l o p e d .
MUMMIFICATION
T h e P r o c e s s o f M u m m i f i c a t i o nT h e P r o c e s s o f M u m m i f i c a t i o n
F i r s t t h e y w o u l d r e m o v e t h e o r g a n s . T h e s e
w o u l d g o i n t o c a n o p i c j a r s .
T h e y w o u l d t a k e t h e b r a i n o u t t h r o u g h t h e
n o s e .
T h e y p a c k e d t h e b o d y w i t h n a t r o n ( a s a l t
m i x t u r e ) t h a t w o u l d r e m o v e a l l t h e m o i s t u r e .
A f t e r s e v e r a l w e e k s , t h e y w o u l d a p p l y o i l , w r a p
t h e b o d y i n b a n d a g e s a n d p l a c e t h e b o d y i n a
s a r c o p h a g u s . T h e y w o u l d p u t a d e c o r a t e d
m a s k o n t h e b o d y .
T h e b o d y w o u l d b e p u t i n a c h a m b e r w i t h a l l
t h e t h i n g s n e e d e d f o r t h e a f t e r l i f e … f o o d ,
r i c h e s , e t c .
THE PROCESS OF
MUMMIFICATION
E g y p t i a n
P y r a m i d
C o n t r i b u t i o n s o f E g y p tC o n t r i b u t i o n s o f E g y p t
L a n g u a g e : Hieroglyphics
A r c h i t e c t u r e : Pyramids
I n v e n t i o n s : 365 day calendar, papyrus (paper),
irrigation system, mathematics, medicine, weapons,
chariots,
A r t : statues, paintings, jewelry
GROUP 2
MOHAMED ULFATH
GEOGRAPHY OF EGYPT
EGYPT AND THE NILE
THE NILE RIVER
BASITH RAHMAN
MASTABAS
EVOLUTION OF PYRAMID
JAYASHREE
FOOD
CLOTHING
SUSMITHA
LANGUAGES
PHARAOHS
ABDULLA H THANIS
RILIGION
CONTRIBUTION OF EGYPT
BASHEER AHMED
EGYPTIAN SOCIAL PYRAMID
HOMES
ROSHINI
MUMMIFICATION
THE PEOCESS OF MUMMIFICATION
Ancient Egypt
The Gift of the Nile
1
Cover Page showing the Great Pyramid of Giza
Ancient Egypt
Introduction
Geography
Unification
The Old Kingdom
The Middle Kingdom
The New Kingdom
Egypt
’
s Legacy
Unit Review
MUMMIES,
TOMBS,
& TREASURE
Non-Fiction Texts
Mummies, Tombs, and Treasure: Secrets of Ancient Egypt
The Ancient Egyptians
Ancient Egyptian Time
An Explanation
BC - Means Before Christ
AD - Means Anno Domini (The Year of Our Lord)
Both of these terms were adopted during the early formation of the Roman/Christian calendar.
First, the Egyptians developed a lunar calendar of 354 days.
In time, the Egyptians created a more accurate 360-day solar calendar
Ancient Egyptian Timeline
Archaic Era
6000 bc
Early Dynastic 3200 bc - 2780 bc
Old Kingdom 2780 bc - 2258bc
Middle Kingdom 2134 bc - 1786 bc
New Kingdom 1570 bc - 1085 bc
Ptolemaic Dynasty 304 bc - 30 bc
Roman Period
30 bc - 640 ad
Egypt was a grassland. Nomads traveled in search of food
King Menes united Upper & Lower Egypt. Established capital at Memphis.
Age of Pyramids. First man made mummies
Romans take control of Egypt. Egypt never rises to greatness again.
Alexander the Great conquers Egypt. Cleopatra is the last Pharaoh
Major trading expeditions. Akhenaten and Queen Hatshepsut
Rise of the Middle Class – trade becomes the center of the economy.
INTRODUCTION TO EGYPT
Misr - Ancient name of Egypt
Egypt was first settled about 5000 B.C. (7000 years ago) by nomads
Egyptian Civilization developed because of the Nile River
Egyptian Geography
located in the
northeast corner of
Africa
surrounded by natural
barriers:
desert
mountains
Mediterranean Sea
PROVIDED PROTECTION
The Nile River
Early people settled this area because of its location near a source of water.
The Nile River Valley had virtually no rainfall of its own.
Egypt was called The Gift of the Nile by Herodotus, a Greek historian.
flows north more than 4,000 miles into the Mediterranean Sea
world’s longest river
branches create a triangle shaped delta from deposited silt
The Important Uses of the Nile
1. Drinking & Bathing
The Nile provided the daily necessities of life in Ancient Egypt
Egyptians depended upon the annual flooding of the Nile
2. Agriculture
Inundation: June - October - SHAIT
time of rising flood waters
farmers had time to build
Emergence: November - February- PIRUIT
the return of the water to the river
planted crops & trapped water for irrigation
Drought: March - June - SHEMU
Harvest time
The Important Uses of the Nile
The Nile provided rich soil (from the silt)
and water, producing three to four times more crops than regular rain-fed soil. - made farming very productive, created a surplus
The Egyptians invented the shadouf to help distribute water to the fields.
The Egyptians invented the plow.
The Egyptians domesticated animals to assist in farming.
The Important Uses of the Nile
3. Transportation
Egyptians built boats and traveled the Nile
The Nile linked all Egyptians - encouraged community life
Encouraged trade - used the surplus crops for barter
The Important Uses of the Nile
REVIEW
1. _____ Egypt was protected from invaders because:
a. the Nile River flooded every year
b. it was surrounded by natural barriers;
desert, mountains, and the sea
c. it was an island
2. _____ The Nile was important to the Egyptians for two main reasons:
a. agriculture & transportation
b. swimming & bathing
c. fishing & water-skiing
REVIEW
3. _____ The flooding of the Nile River is known as:
a. inundation
b. emergence
c. drought
4. _____ The Egyptians planted their crops during the time of the
receding flood known as:
a. inundation
b. emergence
c. drought
5. _____ The Egyptians harvested their crops during the time of:
a. inundation
b. emergence
c. drought
REVIEW
6. _____ Egyptian farmers used irrigation to:
a. water their crops
b. make the soil more fertile
c. control flood waters
d. travel among the villages
7. _____ Transportation on the Nile was
important to the Egyptian civilization
because:
a. it encouraged trade
b. it linked all Egyptians
c. both a & b
Return
VOCABULARY
nomads: a member of a people who have no fixed residence, but move from place to place usually seasonally and within a well-defined territory
BACK
VOCABULARY
delta: the alluvial deposit at the mouth of a river
silt: loose sedimentary material with rock particles deposited by a river
BACK
UNIFICATION
Menes’s Upper Egypt army invades and conquers Lower Egypt
Menes (Narmer) Palette
Return
Pharaohs Role in the Old Kingdom
Government
Pharaoh appointed powerful local leaders called governors
Governors collected taxes and served as local judges
Governors made sure local flood waters were shared equally
Governors reported to the Pharaoh in Memphis.
Pharaohs Role in the Old Kingdom
Religion
Egyptians believed that the Pharaoh was the child of Ra, the sun-god.
Egyptians believed that Pharaoh gave life to Egypt & its people
Egyptians worshipped the Pharaoh
Pharaohs Role in the Old Kingdom
Economy
Pharaoh was the center of Egypts economy.
Egypts economy was based on agriculture
Surplus was distributed through taxes: Pharaoh collected a portion of crops for taxes.
Craftworkers depended upon the Pharaoh for work.
Temple upkeep was the responsibility of the government.
Trade was the way in which Egyptians were paid for their services.
The Great Pyramids
Religious Beliefs
Religion was at the center of Egyptian life
Practiced polytheism - worship of many gods
Egyptian gods were often pictured as an animal or as a person’s body with an animal’s head.
The Great Pyramids
Egyptian gods:
The story of Osiris & Isis is the basis for the Egyptian belief in the afterlife
Osiris: gave Egypt civilization, was killed by his jealous brother, Seth, who scattered his body in the Nile.
Isis: wife of Osiris, gathered up his body parts and returned him to life.
Re (Ra): (Horus) Sun-god, recognized by all Egyptians, son of Osiris & Isis
AFTERLIFE
CENTRAL BELIEF IN EGYPTIAN LIFE
BELIEF
if the body was preserved, then the soul could continue to live
PRACTICE
Mummification-preserving the bodies of the dead by embalming, then wrapping them in linen - “Mummies”
The dry climate of Egypt helped to preserve the bodies naturally, at first.
The Pharaoh was the first to be mummified - artificially.
During the Old Kingdom, only the Pharaohs body went through the elaborate ritual of mummification. If the Pharaoh was preserved, then he would see all of his subjects safely to their afterlife.
Pyramids
Mastabas were first used as tombs.
Then, a chief architect, IMHOTEP, built the step pyramid of King Zoser.
This design gave way to the smooth sided pyramids of Giza.
Pyramids
The Great Pyramid
The Pyramids were considered Houses of Eternity“.
Tallest human-made structure until the Eiffel Tower in the 1800s
Took approximately 23 years to build
All pyramids had to have a North-facing entrance, to align with the North Star.
Built by farmers and other laborers during the Inundation (flood season)
Most stones weigh 2.5 tons, but some weigh up to 80 tons
Laborers used mud-slicked ramps to move the stones.
The Great Pyramid
The Great Pyramid
The Great Pyramid
The Great Pyramids
The Sphinx stands before the Pyramid of Pharaoh Khafre.
The Sphinx was carved from a single block of limestone left over in the quarry used to build the Pyramids.
The Sphinx is said to represent the body of a lion and the head of a pharaoh.
The Great Pyramids
A System of Writing
The Ancient Egyptians had no separate word for “art”, their word for “art” was the word for “writing”.
This Egyptian “alphabet” was made up of about 800 picture-symbols called HIEROGLYPHS.
The word HEIROGLYPHICS means “sacred writing”
A System of Writing
The Egyptians considered HIEROGLYPHS sacred and believed that they conveyed the words of the gods.
HIEROGLYPHICS also helped to preserve the memory of deceased people.
In order to keep track of government records, taxes, and the passage of time, the Egyptians developed a system of writing called HIEROGLYPHICS.
A System of Writing
PAPYRUS:
The earliest form of paper
Made from the papyrus reed that grew in the Nile
The reeds would be criss-crossed and pounded down to a paper-like thickness.
A System of Writing
Not all Egyptians could read or write hieroglyphics:
SCRIBES:
Pharaoh’s record keepers
Very Educated in reading, writing & math
Highly respected
Only boys could become SCRIBES
A SCRIBE’S training started at the age of 10
SCRIBES used rolls of PAPYRUS to write on
Only the SCRIBES used HIEROGLYPHICS.
A System of Writing
The Common people of Egypt used a form of writing called “hieratic”, a form of script writing.
Eventually, the responsibility of reading & interpreting the HIEROGLYPHS fell to the priests. Even SCRIBES lost the ability to read the ancient symbols.
By 400 AD, no one could read the HIEROGLYPHS anymore.
The Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta Stone was the key that unlocked the mysteries of Egyptian hieroglyphics.
Napoleons troops discovered it in 1799
The inscription is written on the stone three times, once in hieroglyphic, once in hieratic, and once in Greek.
Jean Francois Champollion, a French Egyptologist, deciphered the hieroglyphic and hieratic texts by comparing them with the known Greek text.
From this meager starting point, a generation of Egyptologists eventually managed to read most everything that remains of the Egyptians ancient writings.
Return
VOCABULARY
Economy: the way in which the people of a country manage money and resources for the production of goods and services.
SURPLUS
PHARAOH
TEMPLES
CRAFTWORKERS
TAXES
GOVERNEMNT BUILDING PROJECTS
BACK
The End of the Old Kingdom
The economy began to be strained by huge government building projects.
People became unhappy with the pharaohs demands for taxes to pay for these projects.
Pharaoh Pepy III ruled for 92 years, he eventually lost control over the central government - local governors took over.
This period without any pharaohs lasted about 150 years - there were foreign invasions and disorder during this time.
The Middle Kingdom
2100BC - 1700BC
Order was restored by Mentohotep:
strong military leader
restored unity to Egypt
moved the capital to Thebes
took control of Nubia
Nubian gold brought increased prosperity (economy improved)
The Middle Kingdom
2100BC - 1700BC
Egypts contact with other parts of the world increased, bringing foreign goods and foreign ideas to the Egyptian civilization.
Egyptian trade increased with Western Asia, creating a new wealthy class of common people - Middle Class
Outside groups began moving into Egypt - Hyksos
REVIEW
Lesson 2 Review
1. _____________ The name for the kings of Ancient Egypt.
2. _____________ The man responsible for deciphering
hieroglyphics.
3. _____________ The king who unified Egypt into one
kingdom.
4. _____________ Sacred Writing“
5. _____________ The way people manage money &
resources for the production of goods and
services.
Lesson 2 Review
6. _______________ A professional writer of hieroglyphics
who kept records & documents.
7. _______________ A reed plant that grows along the
Nile, used for making paper scrolls.
8. _______________ A stone discovered in 1799 that
helped to decipher hieroglyphics.
9. _______________ The joining of two separate parts into
one.
10. _______________ The architect who built the first “step
pyramid”
RETURN
HYKSOS
The Hyksos were hill-people from Western Asia, who invaded and took over Lower Egypt for 150 years.
The Hyksos utilized superior bronze weapons, chariots, and bows to help them take control of Egypt.
The Egyptians learned how to build chariots from the Hyksos.
Within 50 years, they had managed to take control of the important Egyptian city of Memphis.
RETURN
Nubia
May have had a cultural impact on Egypt before 3200bc
Located on the Upper Nile in the Sudan between modern day Egypt & Ethiopia.
Its name is from the Egyptian word for gold - nub“
Very much influenced by Egyptians
Nubia
Accepted Egyptian religion & art
Used hieroglyphics, but later developed their own writing
Built pyramids to serve as tombs of kings & queens, but smaller & shaped differently than Egyptian pyramids.
Eventually won independence from Egypt
Nubia
Skin color was not a determining factor in race.
If you lived as an Egyptian, you were Egyptian.
RETURN
Egyptian Capitals
Old Kingdom
Memphis
Middle Kingdom
Thebes
New Kingdom
Amarna
Thebes
Today
Cairo
RETURN
Ancient Egyptian Society
A persons position in society depended on what he or she did for a living.
SOCIAL PYRAMID- a diagram illustrating the divisions within a culture; usually showing the most powerful person or group at the peak and the least powerful groups at the bottom.
Nubian soldiers made up a large part of the pharaohs army & police force.
Syrian princes were government officials.
Government Officials owned most of the land.
Syrian & Nubian craftworkers worked side by side with the Egyptians.
SLAVERY - the practice of one person owning another person.
Slavery was the lowest level in Ancient Egyptian society.
Slaves came from the conquered lands of Nubia and Syria
Slaves did the hardest work:
Mined gold in Nubia
Planted crops
Dug canals
Worked as house servants
Egyptians bought slaves like merchandise.
Slaves had the right to be treated fairly under the law.
Slaves could own property.
Concept of “Middle Class”
The middle class are those people who have economic independence, but not a great deal of social influence or power.
PHARAOH
PEASANTS & SLAVES
TRADERS
MERCHANTS
PROFESSIONALS
MIDDLE CLASS
UPPER CLASS
LOWER CLASS
RETURN
Slaves
Farmers
Artisans
Merchants
Scribes
Soldiers
Government
Officials
Pharaoh
RETURN
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
The New Kingdom
The defeat of the Hyksos by the pharaoh, Ahmose, began the New Kingdom
During the New Kingdom, Egypt became an EMPIRE.
Egypt’s economy now included goods from other lands.
Expansion & Trade
Lebanon & Syria: silver, timber, wine
Greece (across the Mediterranean): olive oil
Nubia gave access to other African kingdoms, traded ebony, leopard skins, and elephant ivory. Egypt also gained gold, copper, and other precious stones.
***Traded goods brought new types of furniture, jewelry, and other fine goods for the pharaoh and wealthy families.***
Hatshepsut
One of Egypt’s few female pharaohs
Expanded trade further than any other pharaoh
Her biggest trading expedition was to Egypt’s neighbors in the south: PUNT – Egypt gained gold, perfumes, ivory, leopard skins, and even live apes.
Hatshepsut’s stepson finally overthrew her and tried to erase all mention of her name from all records.
The New Kingdom Pharaohs
The New Kingdom Pharaohs
Akhenaton & Nefertiti
Amenhotep IV and his wife, Queen Nefertiti, tried to make Egypt worship only one god - Aton (monotheistic)
Changed his name to Akhenaton servant to Aton
Moved the capital from Thebes to Amarna in the north
Ordered officials to destroy the images of old gods
Changed the style of art in Egypt
This change angered priest who were considered representatives of the old gods. The priests had lost much of their power.
When Akhenaton died, the old religion returned and the priests picked a new pharaoh that they could control - a boy king.
The New Kingdom Pharaohs
The Boy Pharaoh
King Tutankhamen was 9 years old when he was chosen to replace Akhenaton.
The priests of Egypt controlled King Tut, who died when he was only 19 years old.
King Tutankhamen’s Tomb
Howard Carter, a British archeologist, discovered King Tuts tomb in 1922. The tomb contained everything Tut would need in the afterlife.
We know about the Egyptian belief in the Afterlife mainly through the discoveries made by archeologists, like Carter. Tombs which contained riches, food, and other worldly provisions told us that the Ancient Egyptians expected their dead to need these things in the next life.
The New Kingdom
The Fall of the New Kingdom
After Tut, Egypt began to lose power.
Egypt began to fight wars with the surrounding people in present-day Israel, Syria, and Turkey
Their fiercest enemy was the Hittites
Rameses II, a very strong pharaoh, made peace with the Hittites for 67 years and returned some prosperity to Egypt.
In 525 BC the Persian army invaded and conquered Ancient Egypt - it never regained its previous glory.
Egypt’s Legacy
Moving Ideas
Ideas and skills were also traded throughout the Ancient World.
The Egyptians made discoveries and advancements in medicine, mathematics, and astronomy.
Medicine In Egypt
Most Egyptian doctors were actually priests who learned their skills in temple schools.
For centuries, various medical knowledge was recorded by scribes.
Egyptians performed the first surgeries.
Math & Science
The Egyptians developed the mathematical rules necessary for building the pyramids.
They used their knowledge of math to understand and study the stars.
Pyramids had to be built facing true north – determined by the positioning of the North Star.
Identified five of the planets: “stars that know no rest”
Understood the basic concept of an eclipse
These ideas and skills were spread to Egypt’s neighbors, their knowledge became famous.
Egypt also gained knowledge from its neighbors – Hyksos (metal-working, chariots)
REVIEW
LESSON 3 REVIEW
1. ______________ The man who discovered a famous
tomb in 1922.
2. ______________ This pharaoh ruled for 92 years and
eventually lost control of the government to
local governors at the end of the Old
Kingdom
3. ______________ One of the few female pharaohs, she led
famous a trading expedition.
4. ______________ He restored order & unity at the start of the
Middle Kingdom.
LESSON 3 REVIEW
5. ______________ The boy king, he ruled only 10 years.
6. ______________ The pharaoh who tried to make Egypt
believe in only one god.
7. ______________ The pharaoh who drove out the Hyksos
at the end of the Middle Kingdom.
8. ______________ The hill-people from Western Asia, who
invaded and took over Lower Egypt for
150 years.
LESSON 3 REVIEW
9. ______________ Egypt conquered this land for its gold mines.
10. _____________ Lower Nubia, an ancient & wealthy kingdom that
gave Egyptians access to trade routes into
Southern African kingdoms.
11. _____________ Egypt traded for olive oil and silver with this
civilization across the Mediterranean Sea.
12. _____________ A Southern Kingdom, believed to be present day
Ethiopia or Somalia, to which the Egyptians
traveled in a huge expedition to trade for gold,
perfume, ivory, incense, and live apes.
13. _____________ The capital of Egypt during the Middle & New
Kingdoms
LESSON 3 REVIEW
14. _____________ A group of people who go on a trip for
a set reason.
15. _____________ A group of lands and people ruled by
one government.
RETURN
Hittites
Originally from present day Turkey
Invaded and warred with Egypt many times during the New Kingdom
RETURN
The Amarna Period
The Amarna Period
The Amarna Period
RETURN
E M P I R E
A group of lands and people ruled by one government
Egypt created an empire by invading and then incorporating Nubia and other ancient city-states.
RETURN
WELCOME TO ANCIENT EGYPT’S
“WHO WANTS TO BUILD THE BIGGEST PYRAMID?”
RULES
Your team has three lifelines:
Phone a friend
Consult the text
Eliminate one answer
For each point you earn, your team’s pyramid grows.
The team with the highest pyramid wins.
1. Egypt was protected from invaders because:
a. the Nile River flooded every year
b. it was surrounded by natural barriers; desert, mountains, and the sea
c. it was an island
2. The Nile was important to the Egyptians for two main reasons:
a. agriculture & transportation
b. swimming & bathing
c. fishing & water-skiing
3. The flooding of the Nile River is known as:
a. inundation
b. emergence
c. drought
4. The Egyptians planted their crops during the time of the receding flood known as:
a. inundation
b. emergence
c. drought
5. The Egyptians harvested their crops during the time of:
a. inundation
b. emergence
c. drought
NEXT
6. Egyptian farmers used irrigation to:
a. water their crops
b. make the soil more fertile
c. control flood waters
d. travel among the villages
7. Transportation on the Nile was important to the Egyptian civilization because:
a. it encouraged trade
b. it linked all Egyptians
c. both a & b
8. The Rosetta Stone was an important discovery because:
a. it was found in the Nile River by soldiers
b. it was shaped like a rose
c. it led to the translation of hieroglyphics
9. Hieroglyphics mainly helped the Egyptian scribes keep records of:
a. taxes
b. speeches
c. flooding
d. all of the above
10. This period of Egyptian history is also called the Age of Pyramids
a. Old Kingdom
b. Middle Kingdom
c. New Kingdom
NEXT
11. In Egypts Old Kingdom what did craftworkers receive in return for the objects that they
made for the pharaohs?
a. land
b. money
c. clothes & food
12. Trade & building an empire became very important to Egypts growth during this period:
a. Old Kingdom
b. Middle Kingdom
c. New Kingdom
13. This period of Egyptian history saw the rise of a Middle Class.
a. Old Kingdom
b. Middle Kingdom
c. New Kingdom
14. The Middle Kingdom is best described as a time when Egypt:
a. first developed a written language
b. began to use irrigation techniques
c. increased contact with other cultures
15. In Ancient Egypt most of the land and farms were owned by:
a. hard-working farmers
b. skilled craftworkers
c. government officials
END
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E g y p t i a n c i v i l i z a t i o nE g y p t i a n c i v i l i z a t i o nEgyptian
Civilization …
contentscontents
CONTENTS
GEOGRAPHY OF EGYPT
EGYPT AND THE NILE
THE NILE RIVER
MASTABAS
EOLUTION OF PYRAMID
CLOTHING
FOODS
HOMES
LANGUAGES
EGYPTIAN SOCIAL PYRAMID
PHARAOHS
RELIGION
MUMMIFICATION
THE PROCESS OF MUMMIFICATION
CONTRIBUTTION OF EGYPT
OTHER SYMBOLS
F l o o d e d e v e r y y e a r
P r o v i d e d f e r t i l e s o i l f o r
c r o p s
W a s t h e “ L i f e l i n e ” f o r
E g y p t
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R o u t e
U s e d f o r I r r i g a t i o n
F l o w s s o u t h t o n o r t h
M o u t h = “ D e l t a ”
The Nile River
m a s t a b a sm a s t a b a s
M A S T A B A
S
Evolution of pyramidEvolution of pyramid
D
EVOLUTION OF PYRAMID
I r r i g a t i o n s y s t e m s w a t e r e d
c r o p s
M a i n c r o p s w e r e b a r l e y ,
w h e a t a n d f l a x
M a i n f o o d w a s b r e a d a n d
b e e r , f i s h , v e g e t a b l e s a n d
f r u i t . O n l y t h e w e a l t h y a t e
m e a t .
Food
E g y p t ’ s w e a t h e r i s v e r y
w a r m
P e o p l e w o r e l i n e n r o b e s
W o m e n w o r e m a k e - u p a n d
j e w e l r y
P e o p l e s h a v e d t h e i r h e a d s
a n d w o r e w i g s f o r s p e c i a l
o c c a s i o n s .
Clothing
E g y p t i a n
S o c i a l
C l a s s e s
w e r e
b a s e d o n
w e a l t h ,
j o b a n d
e d u c a t i o
n
E g y p t i a n S o c i a l
P y r a m i d
P e o p l e b u i l t h o m e s f r o m m u d
b r i c k s
M o r e i m p o r t a n t p e o p l e h a d
b e t t e r h o u s e s .
O n l y t h e w e a l t h y h a d
“ b a t h r o o m s ”
Homes
L a n g u a g eL a n g u a g e
E g y p t i a n s d e v e l o p e d a f o r m o f p i c t u r e o r
s y m b o l w r i t i n g k n o w n a s h i e r o g l y p h i c s .E g y p t i a n s d e v e l o p e d a
f o r m o f p i c t u r e o r s y m b o l
w r i t i n g k n o w n a s
h i e r o g l y p h i c s .
L A N G U A G E
T h e k i n g o r r u l e r o f E g y p t
w a s c a l l e d a P h a r a o h .
T h e P h a r a o h w a s s e e n a s a
g o d .
E v e r y o n e w o r k e d f o r t h e
p h a r a o h .
W h e n h e d i e d , t h e p h a r a o h
w a s m u m m i f i e d a n d b u r i e d i n
a b e a u t i f u l c h a m b e r a l o n g
w i t h h i s b e l o n g i n g s .
L i k e a l l c i v i l i z a t i o n s ,
E g y p t i a n s h a d t h e n e e d f o r
l a w s . T h e P h a r a o h w a s t h e
s u p r e m e j u d g e o f w h a t w a s
r i g h t a n d w r o n g u n d e r t h e
l a w .
Pharaohs
T h e E g y p t i a n s
b e l i e v e d i n m a n y g o d s .
E g y p t i a n s p r a y e d t o
d i f f e r e n t g o d s w h o
c o n t r o l l e d d i f f e r e n t
t h i n g s .
T h e y b u i l t t e m p l e s a n d
s h r i n e s t o h o n o r t h e i r
g o d s .
T h e E g y p t i a n s
b e l i e v e d i n a n
“ a f t e r l i f e . ”
R E L I G I O N
Anubis –
God of
Preserving
the Dead
Ra – God of
the Sun
Horus –
God of
the Sky
Anubis – God
of Preserving
the Dead
Osiris –
God of the
Dead and
the
Underworld
M u m m i f i c a t i o nM u m m i f i c a t i o n
E g y p t i a n s b e l i e v e d t h a t w h e n p e o p l e d i e ,
t h e y m o v e o n t o a n o t h e r w o r l d .
S i n c e p e o p l e n e e d e d t h e i r b o d y i n t h e
a f t e r l i f e , i t w o u l d n e e d t o b e “ p r e s e r v e d . ”
T h e p r o c e s s o f m u m m i f i c a t i o n w a s
d e v e l o p e d .
E g y p t i a n s b e l i e v e d t h a t w h e n p e o p l e
d i e , t h e y m o v e o n t o a n o t h e r w o r l d .
S i n c e p e o p l e n e e d e d t h e i r b o d y i n
t h e a f t e r l i f e , i t w o u l d n e e d t o b e
“ p r e s e r v e d . ”
T h e p r o c e s s o f m u m m i f i c a t i o n w a s
d e v e l o p e d .
MUMMIFICATION
T h e P r o c e s s o f M u m m i f i c a t i o nT h e P r o c e s s o f M u m m i f i c a t i o n
F i r s t t h e y w o u l d r e m o v e t h e o r g a n s . T h e s e
w o u l d g o i n t o c a n o p i c j a r s .
T h e y w o u l d t a k e t h e b r a i n o u t t h r o u g h t h e
n o s e .
T h e y p a c k e d t h e b o d y w i t h n a t r o n ( a s a l t
m i x t u r e ) t h a t w o u l d r e m o v e a l l t h e m o i s t u r e .
A f t e r s e v e r a l w e e k s , t h e y w o u l d a p p l y o i l , w r a p
t h e b o d y i n b a n d a g e s a n d p l a c e t h e b o d y i n a
s a r c o p h a g u s . T h e y w o u l d p u t a d e c o r a t e d
m a s k o n t h e b o d y .
T h e b o d y w o u l d b e p u t i n a c h a m b e r w i t h a l l
t h e t h i n g s n e e d e d f o r t h e a f t e r l i f e … f o o d ,
r i c h e s , e t c .
THE PROCESS OF
MUMMIFICATION
E g y p t i a n
P y r a m i d
C o n t r i b u t i o n s o f E g y p tC o n t r i b u t i o n s o f E g y p t
L a n g u a g e : Hieroglyphics
A r c h i t e c t u r e : Pyramids
I n v e n t i o n s : 365 day calendar, papyrus (paper),
irrigation system, mathematics, medicine, weapons,
chariots,
A r t : statues, paintings, jewelry
GROUP 2
MOHAMED ULFATH
GEOGRAPHY OF EGYPT
EGYPT AND THE NILE
THE NILE RIVER
BASITH RAHMAN
MASTABAS
EVOLUTION OF PYRAMID
JAYASHREE
FOOD
CLOTHING
SUSMITHA
LANGUAGES
PHARAOHS
ABDULLA H THANIS
RILIGION
CONTRIBUTION OF EGYPT
BASHEER AHMED
EGYPTIAN SOCIAL PYRAMID
HOMES
ROSHINI
MUMMIFICATION
THE PEOCESS OF MUMMIFICATION
Name_______________________________Date_________________ Class_____________________
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Page 1
History: Ancient Egyptian Civilization
Mega Social Studies.Com
Instructions: Read the summary then answer the questions.
Ancient Egyptian Civilization
Ancient Egyptian civilization is said to have flourished more than 5000 years ago for
more than 2000 years. This civilization has been credited with many inventions, social and
government structuring and profound architecture.
Ancient Egypt was made of three social classes plus slaves. The three classes were: the
upper class, the middle class and the lower class. The upper class consisted of the royal family,
high priests, wealthy landowners and doctors. The middle class consisted of merchants,
manufacturers and skilled laborers like craftsmen. Lastly, the lower class consisted of unskilled
laborers who were mainly farmers. Other important people included scribes. Scribes would
study for 12 years to perfect their profession. They would eventually become teachers, civil
servants or librarians. Unlike social classes that would later be formed in Europe and China,
these social classes could be ascended by way of hard work or marriage.
Ancient Egyptians believed in polytheism; with the exception of King Akhenaten. Their
primary Gods came from nature deities representing wind, water, sky, trees and animals. As
cities widened in population, they started to worship local Gods alongside the major ones. The
God Ptah (Tah), for example, was given credit with creating the city of Memphis in Egypt.
In relation to the worshiping of gods as well as the head of government itself, stood
usually a monarch deemed the God-King. The God-King, or pharaoh, ruled over the unified land
of Egypt and could be either man or woman. This position was inherited by way of birthright.
Alongside the pharaoh were advisors called Viziers who aided him in, serving as judges, mayors
or even tax collectors. Since they had no money system, they used a barter system under which
grains were used as common trade items. Egypt was also split into 42 different providences
called nomes and governed by nomarchs. The ancient Egyptians are the first civilization to have
a fully organized civil government.
Egyptian are also given credit with making the first usable paper out of papyrus (unlike
that later invented in China), the first 365 day solar calendar used to predict the flooding of the
Nile River, ink and hieroglyphics which was the first flexible writing system.
Name_______________________________Date_________________ Class_____________________
Mega Social Studies. Com All Rights Reserved Copyright Protected ©
Page 1
History: Ancient Egyptian Civilization
Mega Social Studies.Com
1. What can we infer polytheism means?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________ __
2. What is the purpose of a social class?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Nomarchs ruled nomes. Today, what would you compare nomarchs and nomes to?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Why do you think it was important to predict the flooding of the Nile River?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. Bonus:
Do some research; find out why King Akhenaten was the exception to having polytheistic
beliefs.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 2, Section
Chapter 2
First Civilizations:
Africa and Asia
(3200 B.C.–500 B.C.)
World History: Connection to Today
*
Chapter 2, Section
Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
How did geography influence ancient Egypt?
What were the main features and achievements of Egypt’s three kingdoms?
How did trade and warfare affect Egypt and Nubia?
1
*
Chapter 2, Section
The Egyptian Empire About 1450 B.C.
1
*
Chapter 2, Section
“Egypt is wholly the gift of the Nile.” – Herodotus
People settled and established farming villages along the Nile.
Egyptians depended on annual floods to soak the land and deposit a layer of silt, or rich soil.
Egyptians had to cooperate to control the Nile, building dikes, reservoirs, and irrigation ditches.
Rulers used the Nile to link and unite Upper and Lower Egypt.
The Nile served as a trade route connecting Egypt to Africa, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean world.
Geography of the Ancient Nile Valley
1
*
Chapter 2, Section
The Nile floods so important to the Egyptians because the floodwaters deposited silt, which made the land rich for farming.
One of the main achievements of the Middle Kingdom was that during that time the Egyptians drained land for farming.
*
Chapter 2, Section
Powerful pharaohs created a large empire
that reached the Euphrates River.
Hatshepsut
encouraged trade.
Ramses II expanded Egyptian rule to Syria.
Egyptian power
declined.
Large drainage project created arable farmland.
Traders had contacts with Middle East and Crete.
Corruption and
rebellions were
common.
Hyksos invaded and occupied the delta
region.
Pharaohs organized a strong central state, were absolute rulers, and were considered gods.
Egyptians built pyramids at Giza.
Power struggles, crop failures, and cost of pyramids contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom.
NEW KINGDOM
MIDDLE
KINGDOM
OLD KINGDOM
Three Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt
1
*
Chapter 2, Section
Egypt and Nubia
For centuries, Egypt traded or fought with Nubia.
During the New Kingdom, Egypt conquered Nubia.
Nubians served in Egyptian armies and influenced Egyptian culture.
Egyptian art from this period shows Nubian soldiers, musicians, or prisoners.
When Egypt declined, Nubia conquered Egypt.
Nubians did not see themselves as conquerors. They respected Egyptian traditions.
1
*
Chapter 2, Section
Egyptian Civilization
How did religious beliefs shape the lives of Egyptians?
How was Egyptian society organized?
What advances did Egyptians make in learning and the arts?
2
*
Chapter 2, Section
Egyptian Religious Beliefs
Belief that many gods and goddesses ruled the world and the afterlife. Amon-Re was the sun god. Osiris was the god of the underworld and of the Nile. The pharaoh was believed to be a god as well as a monarch.
Belief in eternal life after death. Relied on the Book of the Dead to help them through the afterworld. Practiced mummification, the preservation of the body for use in the next life.
2
*
Chapter 2, Section
Statues, paintings, and writings tell
us about ancient Egyptian values
and attitudes.
Developed painting style that
remained unchanged for thousands
of years.
Wrote hymns and prayers to the
gods, proverbs, love poems, stories
of victory in battle, and folk tales.
Built pyramids and other great
buildings, such as temple of
Ramses II.
Developed a form of picture writing called hieroglyphics.
Doctors diagnosed and cured
illnesses, performed surgery, and developed medicines still used
today.
Developed 12-month calendar on
which modern calendar is based.
Astronomers mapped constellations
and charted movement of the
planets.
Developed practical geometry.
Skilled in design and engineering.
Advances in the Arts
Advances in Learning
Ancient Egypt: A Center of Learning & Culture
2
*
Chapter 2, Section
HIGH PRIESTS AND PRIESTESSES
Served gods and goddesses
PHARAOH
Earthly leader; considered a god
NOBLES
Fought pharaoh’s wars
MERCHANTS, SCRIBES, AND ARTISANS
Made furniture, jewelry, and fabrics for
pharaohs and nobles, and provided for other needs
PEASANT FARMERS AND SLAVES
Worked in the fields and served the pharaoh
Class System in Ancient Egypt
2
*
Chapter 2, Section
2
Section 2 Assessment
to survey the land
to survey the land
*
Ancient Egypt
Nicknamed “The Gift of the Nile”
• Egypt was first settled about 5000 B.C.
(7000 years ago) by nomads
• Egyptian Civilization developed because
of the Nile River
Click photo for “A Kid Explains History”
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Egyptian
Geography
❖Located in the
northeast corner of
Africa
❖Surrounded by natural
barriers:
• desert
• mountains
•Mediterranean Sea
PROVIDED
PROTECTION
The Nile River
Flooded every year
Provided fertile soil for crops when the “silt”, from the
bottom of the river bed, full of vitamins and minerals
would flood the earth
Was the “Lifeline” for Egypt
Transportation Route
Used for Irrigation
Flows south to north
(opposite of every other river)
Mouth = “Delta”
Click for Nile Video
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The Important Uses of the Nile
Uses: Drinking & Bathing, Agriculture, &
Transportation
The Egyptians had 3 seasons, based on the river.
Inundation: June - October - SHAIT
time of rising flood waters
farmers had time to build (pyramids and other
projects)
Emergence: November - February- PIRUIT
the return of the water to the river
planted crops & trapped water for irrigation
Drought: March - June - SHEMU
Harvest time (picking the crops)
Food
Irrigation systems watered crops
Main crops were barley, wheat and flax
Main food was bread, fish, vegetables and fruit.
Only the wealthy ate meat.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/fieldday/kids/pictures/kidsfield600/cg_wheat_closeup.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/fieldday/kids/crops/wheat.htm&h=450&w=600&sz=245&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=x468T1nXFjs3LM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=135&prev=/images\%3Fq\%3Dwheat\%26svnum\%3D10\%26hl\%3Den\%26lr\%3D
Clothing
Egypt’s weather is very warm
People wore linen robes
Women wore make-up and jewelry
People shaved their heads and wore wigs for
special occasions.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ga.k12.pa.us/Academics/MS/6th/ancientegypt/alainaw/i\%2520con/comangirl.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ga.k12.pa.us/Academics/MS/6th/ancientegypt/alainaw/Alaina.html&h=720&w=626&sz=176&hl=en&start=20&tbnid=Jv61QmDLViCmVM:&tbnh=140&tbnw=122&prev=/images\%3Fq\%3DEgyptian\%2BClothing\%26svnum\%3D10\%26hl\%3Den\%26lr\%3D
Egyptian Social Pyramid
Egyptian Social
Classes were
based on wealth,
jobs and
education
• Egypt’s lowest class were
slaves.
SLAVERY - the practice of one
person owning another person.
Slavery was the lowest level in
Ancient Egyptian society.
Slaves came from the conquered
lands & did the hardest work:
• Mined gold
• Planted crops
• Dug canals
• Worked as house
servants
Homes
People built homes from mud bricks
More important people had better houses.
Only the wealthy had “bathrooms”
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://achesoncreations.com/Arrow/colonial/col1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://achesoncreations.com/Arrow/colonial/col1.htm&h=149&w=184&sz=8&hl=en&start=127&tbnid=nRxY93xPpnwc-M:&tbnh=83&tbnw=102&prev=/images\%3Fq\%3Dmud\%2Bbrick\%2Bhouse\%26start\%3D120\%26ndsp\%3D20\%26svnum\%3D10\%26hl\%3Den\%26lr\%3D\%26sa\%3DN
Language
Egyptians developed a
form of picture or symbol
writing known as
hieroglyphics.
They developed this
language in order to keep
track of government records
and laws, taxes, and the
passage of time
This Egyptian “alphabet”
was made up of about 800
picture-symbols called
hieroglyphs.
The word hieroglyphics
means “sacred writing”
Had Scribes like the
Mesopotamians
Language/Writing Continued
Writings carved in wood
or stone
Later, painted with ink
on papyrus
PAPYRUS:
The Egyptians wrote
on Papyrus, the
earliest form of paper
Made from the
papyrus reed that
grew in the Nile
The reeds would be
criss-crossed and
pounded down to a
paper-like thickness.
How to make Papyrus video
https://safeshare.tv/submit?url=https\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.youtube.com\%2Fwatch\%3Fv\%3D6nhIR-MK08E
The Rosetta Stone
Slab of black rock carved in three
languages
Hieroglyphics
Greek included
Allowed hieroglyphics to be translated
1799: found a stone with a message
written in 3 languages
Hieroglyphics
Aramaic
Greek
1822: Jean Francois Champollion finally
broke the code
Rosetta Stone Video
https://safeshare.tv/submit?url=https\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.youtube.com\%2Fwatch\%3Fv\%3DyeQ-6eyMQ_o
https://safeshare.tv/submit?url=https\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.youtube.com\%2Fwatch\%3Fv\%3DyeQ-6eyMQ_o
Pharaohs
The king or ruler of Egypt was
called a Pharaoh.
The Pharaoh was seen as a god.
Everyone worked for the pharaoh.
When he died, the pharaoh was
mummified and buried in a beautiful
chamber along with his belongings.
Like all civilizations, Egyptians had
the need for laws. The Pharaoh
was the supreme judge of what was
right and wrong under the law.
Pharaohs Rule As Gods
Pharaohs were in charge of:
Economy- Pharaoh collected a portion of crops for taxes, Trade was
the way in which Egyptians were paid for their services
Government- Pharaoh appointed powerful local leaders called
governors, then the Governors collected taxes and served as local
judges, And made sure local flood waters were shared equally
Religion- believed that the Pharaoh was the child of Ra, the sun-god,
that Pharaoh gave life to Egypt & its people, worshipped the Pharaoh
Pharaohs cause sun to rise, Nile to flood, crops to grow
Pharaohs you may have heard of …
King Menes: United United Upper and Lower Egypt
King Tut: Much of what we know today is due to the discovery of his
elaborate tomb!
King Tutankhamen’s Tomb
The Boy Pharaoh
King Tutankhamen was 9 years old when he
was chosen to replace Akhenaton.
The priests of Egypt controlled King Tut, who
died when he was only 19 years old.
His tomb was discovered in 1922. The tomb
contained everything Tut would need in the
afterlife.
We know about the Egyptian belief in the
Afterlife mainly through the discoveries
made by archeologists, like Carter. Tombs
which contained riches, food, and other
worldly provisions told us that the Ancient
Egyptians expected their dead to need these
things in the next life.
An Important Pharaoh- King Menes
Was known for Uniting Upper and Lower Egypt
Menes’s Upper
Egypt army
invades and
conquers
Lower Egypt
Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs
Thutmose III
1504-1450 B. C. Ramses II
1279-1212 B. C.
Hatshepsut
-Hatshepsut was one
of Egypt’s few female
pharaohs
-She expanded trade
further than any other
pharaoh
Khufu
Built the great
pyramids (Giza)
Brain Pop Video (weddington Moby1)
https://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/worldhistory/egyptianpharaohs/
Religion
The Egyptians believed in many
gods. (Polytheistic)
Egyptians prayed to different
gods who controlled different
things.
They built temples and shrines to
honor their gods.
The Egyptians believed in an
“afterlife.”
-Most of their gods were part
human, part animal
Ra – God
of the Sun
Osiris –
God of the
Dead and
the
Underworld
Horus –
God of
the Sky
Anubis –
God of
Preserving
the Dead
Mummification
Egyptians believed that when people die, they
move on to another world.
Since people needed their body in the afterlife, it
would need to be “preserved.”
The process of mummification was developed.
The Process of Mummification
First they would remove the organs.
These would go into canopic jars.
They would take the brain out
through the nose.
They packed the body with natron
(a salt mixture) that would remove
all the moisture.
After several weeks, they would
apply oil, wrap the body in
bandages and place the body in a
sarcophagus. They would put a
decorated mask on the body.
The body would be put in a
chamber with all the things needed
for the afterlife…food, riches, etc.
Contributions of Egypt
Language: Hieroglyphics
Architecture: Pyramids
Inventions: 365 day calendar, papyrus (paper),
irrigation system, mathematics, weapons, chariots
Medicine/surgery
Medical discoveries
Magic heavily used
Developed surgery
Greeks & Romans based much of their medical knowledge on that of the Egyptians
Art: statues, paintings, jewelry
http://www.shunya.net/Pictures/Egypt/Memphis/PyramidsGiza1.jpg
Egyptian Pyramid
The Great Pyramid & Sphinx
Inside The Great Pyramid
Ancient Egyptian Time
An Explanation
BC - Means Before Christ (a.k.a. B.C.E – before common
era)
AD - Means Anno Domini (The Year of Our Lord)
(Also can be shown as C.E. Common era)
Both of these terms were adopted during the early
formation of the Roman/Christian calendar.
BC counts backward (kind of like a negative number) until it
gets to year 0, then you are in AD time period and count
going up.
First, the Egyptians developed a lunar calendar of 354 days.
In time, the Egyptians created a more accurate 360-day solar calendar
Ancient Egyptian Timeline
Archaic Era
6000 bc
Early Dynastic
3200 bc - 2780 bc
Old Kingdom
2780 bc - 2258bc
Middle Kingdom
2134 bc - 1786 bc
New Kingdom
1570 bc - 1085 bc
Ptolemaic Dynasty
304 bc - 30 bc
Roman Period
30 bc - 640 ad
Egypt was a grassland. Nomads traveled in
search of food
King Menes united Upper & Lower Egypt.
Established capital at Memphis.
Age of Pyramids. First man made mummies
Romans take control of Egypt. Egypt never
rises to greatness again.
Alexander the Great conquers Egypt.
Cleopatra is the last Pharaoh
Major trading expeditions. Akhenaten and
Queen Hatshepsut
Rise of the Middle Class – trade becomes
the center of the economy.
Other Symbols of Egypt
King Tut
Queen
Hatputshut
Scarab Beetle
amulets
The Sphinx
Cartouche
Eye of Horus
Ancient Egypt Song
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~loxias/sphinxsm.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~loxias/sphinx.htm&h=150&w=222&sz=12&hl=en&start=53&tbnid=4jqDBuk2p3gscM:&tbnh=72&tbnw=107&prev=/images\%3Fq\%3Dsphinx\%26start\%3D40\%26ndsp\%3D20\%26svnum\%3D10\%26hl\%3Den\%26lr\%3D\%26sa\%3DN
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.stencilpochoir.com/pochoirs\%2520divers/cartouche\%2520egyptienne.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.stencilpochoir.com/pochoirdivers.htm&h=703&w=458&sz=49&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=y5VFOQ5vU8rQCM:&tbnh=140&tbnw=91&prev=/images\%3Fq\%3D\%2522cartouche\%2522\%26ndsp\%3D20\%26svnum\%3D10\%26hl\%3Den\%26lr\%3D\%26sa\%3DN
http://www.trocadero.com/EgyptianAntiquities/items/535531/catphoto.jpg
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.king-tut.org/images/kingtut.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.king-tut.org/&h=266&w=200&sz=25&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=uBVyNKeVLRVDoM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=85&prev=/images\%3Fq\%3DKing\%2BTut\%26svnum\%3D10\%26hl\%3Den\%26lr\%3D
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.safariegypt.com/Information/Images/egyptian_queen.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.safariegypt.com/Information/egyptian_queen_hatshepsut.htm&h=425&w=336&sz=50&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=79pw9kiYmWVN0M:&tbnh=126&tbnw=100&prev=/images\%3Fq\%3DEgyptian\%2Bqueen\%26ndsp\%3D20\%26svnum\%3D10\%26hl\%3Den\%26lr\%3D\%26sa\%3DN
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://bazaarinegypt.com/catalog/images/Eye\%2520of\%2520Horus\%2520(Wedjat\%2520eye).jpg&imgrefurl=http://bazaarinegypt.com/catalog/popup_image.php/pID/407&h=320&w=425&sz=223&hl=en&start=6&tbnid=0_D8-fxCISrxYM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=126&prev=/images\%3Fq\%3DEye\%2Bof\%2BHorus\%26svnum\%3D10\%26hl\%3Den\%26lr\%3D
https://safeshare.tv/submit?url=https\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.youtube.com\%2Fwatch\%3Fv\%3D960mk5JRSBk
Quiz
Next to what river did Egypt develop?
In what direction does the Nile River flow?
Name three ways is a river important to a
civilization?
What is the fan-shaped mouth of a river called?
What was the main food eaten by Egyptians?
What did most Egyptians live in?
What was Egyptian language called?
What is an Egyptian king called?
What was the “afterlife?”
Describe the mummification process.
Name four contributions of Ancient Egypt.
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While you must form your answers to the questions below from our assigned reading material
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Your paper must be at least two pages in length (not counting the title and reference pages)
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