Fluent Essays

Analyze India’s health system in terms of cost, quality, and access to care. Explain how politics, culture, wealth, history and environmental factors influence the development and distribution of health services in India. Your analysis should speak to the following elements: -Impact on vulnerable population (elderly, children, mental ill, etc) -Women’s health and maternal child health -Disease management of communicable and non-communicable diseases -The theory and practice of health promotion -Behavioral and lifestyle factors that affect health and illness **Include appropriate comparison and contrasts with the health systems of at least two to three other countries like Canada, United States, Japan, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Brazil, or Cuba.** *Must be a minimum of seven to eight double-spaced pages in length. Must list at least five to seven scholarly sources that were published within the last five years in APA style.  ^The Rough Draft is attached^ 1 4 Indias Healthcare System Analysis: Concept Paper 8/12/2021 Indias Healthcare System Analysis: Concept Paper India, through its government, provides primary care to its people. However, the government has been trying to strive to offer primary healthcare consistently. As a vast nation, setting up an improved healthcare system remains a significant problem since the country is still developing, unlike western nations such as the U.K. and the U.S. Almost 70\% of the countrys population lives in remote, marginalized regions. There are considerable dissimilarities in quality between remote and urban areas of India and private and public health services. Despite these healthcare challenges, Jukkarwala et al., (2019) reveals that the country is the leading and renowned center for foreign medical visitors because of the reduced cost and high-quality private healthcare facilities compared to other nations such as the United States and the United Kingdom. Indias Health System-Cost, Quality, and Access to Care The Indian medical facilities and entire healthcare system, in general, compare and differ with the other healthcare systems worldwide in the perspective of politics, lifestyle, income distribution, and environmental factors. These aspects determine the development and delivery of health services differently depending on the country. Most healthcare facilities in India have excelled in standards compared to other hospitals in the United Kingdom, or the U.S. India has skilled and competent surgeons and clinicians who have made a mark in their respective fields. Despite western countries being developed to provide quality care services, India has more tourists than those seeking further treatment. In 2017, 495,056 people visited India for treatment (Medhekar et al., 2019). On the other hand, the U.S. receives about 100,000 to 200,000 patients annually from other countries (Medhekar et al., 2019). Ghosh (2015) says that Indian healthcare facilities, especially private hospitals, are well equipped super-specialty. As a result, there is a high demand for care services from Indias wealthy classes and medical tourists from other countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Impact On Vulnerable Population Unfortunately, the healthcare services of these healthcare specialists have not reached all segments of the Indian population. If the benefit has to reach even the poorest of the poor, the medical care delivery system has to change. If an Indian becomes sick or suffers from an accident, he may visit a government-run healthcare facility or get a private medical service. However, Srivastava & McGuire (2016) indicate that not all Indians can afford healthcare services from private care facilities due to disparity in income distribution. Both India and China are the most worlds populous nations. However, the healthcare system of these two countries differs based on various aspects. These differences imply that the approaches used for enhancing healthcare in the two countries do not match. When the health systems of China and India get compared based on policy levers, intermediate outcomes, and ultimate ends, the variations are evident in terms of disease control and management. Policy levers such as laws or behaviors that impact Indias financing, organization, and health care regulation are not the same as ones in China, Japan, U.S., or Germany. India has unique healthcare policies based on its demographics and environmental factors. Intermediate outputs include the efficiency, quality, and access level to healthcare. In different countries, the care systems ultimate ends promote better health, minimize the monetary risks attributed to medical care, and improve customer satisfaction. Like the United States, Canada, Japan, and Germany, the Indian healthcare system has experienced significant transformation and reforms that have placed the country among the best under the current new healthcare technologies. However, the Indian government cannot adequately fund public healthcare facilities like the U.K. and U.S. governments have done via programs such as Medicare and Affordable Care Act and universal healthcare system called the National Health Service of the United Kingdom. In the United States, most citizens from low-income and high-income have access to healthcare insurance, unlike India, where insurance is not mandatory. Thus, both public facilities in India are not valuable to the Indians due to high medical costs for Indians not benefiting from government-sponsored care programs. Ghoshs (2015) findings show that the Indian government pledged to pave the way for all Indians to receive and access quality care, but the efforts failed. In the United States, President Obama in 2010 enacted the ACA that gave the same results as those proposed by the Indian government. Behavioral and Lifestyle Factors That Affect Health and Illness In 2010, causes of death (\% total mortality by age band) in insurance-appropriate age intervals in India, the U.S., Brazil, China, and Mexico revealed crucial evidence of the healthcare systems of these countries. For instance, in India, people above 65 are more vulnerable to stroke and heart disease (Mondal et al., 2020). In India, the vulnerable population comprising the elderly, children, women, and mentally ill people need proper care. Patients above 65 years old with heart disease make 20\% compared to 25\% of Brazil and 23\% of the United States (Patel et al., 2011). These figures show that India has a better healthcare system compared to Brazil and U.S. in treating and managing heart disease. However, India records a high mortality rate because of infectious diseases (30\% infectious, 10\% injuries; 60\% NCDs; across all age groups) and has high death rates (16\%) resulting from lung disease. Indias leading health risk factors include tobacco consumption, indoor smoke from solid fuels, reduced fruit and vegetable intake, blood glucose. In the country, the used tobacco is electronic cigarettes, bidis, and cigarettes. Being the second-largest tobacco produce globally, the current 275 million tobacco users in India are at higher risk of developing chronic health conditions such as cancer (Patel et al., 2011). The evident increase in tobacco use among youths, women, and the poor population puts Indias healthcare system at a more significant risk than in the U.S. or Brazil. Approximately a million deaths result from tobacco use in a year, whereby the poor and economically productive people aged 30–69 are vulnerable to such deaths. By 2030, about 1.5 million tobacco users will lose lives annually. The approximate expenses of treating tobacco-related conditions such as COPD, cancer, and heart infections are about $5.1 billion (Carson et al., 2018). This cost is more than the revenue generated by tobacco levies to the public exchequer. Unlike India, In the U.S., at least 1.5 million Americans will die from illnesses related to tobacco smoking by 2030, a low figure compared to 8 million of India by the same year. Patel et al., (2011) reveal that annually, cigarette smoking contributes to more than 480,000 deaths, including at least 41,000 deaths resulting from exposure to secondhand smoke. Women’s Health and Maternal Child Health The demand for maternal healthcare services is higher among females with advanced autonomy skills than those with limited autonomy in India. Women having advanced autonomy show 37\% and 33\% significant potential of getting ANC (AOR: 1.37, 95\% CI: 1.25–1.50) and PNC care (AOR: 1.33, 95\% CI: 1.24–1.42) respectively compared to those with declined autonomy (Mondal et al., 2020). Overall, maternal healthcares proportion is low among females between 35 to 49 years and those who got married while underage (below 18 years old) (Mondal et al., 2020). Unlike India, maternal healthcare services in the U.S. face a challenge of overrepresented obstetrician-gynecologists in the maternity healthcare workforce relative to midwives (Joseph et al., (2017). As a result of this disproportionate representation, the shortage of maternity care providers has caused a high maternal mortality rate than in India. Disease Management of Communicable and Non-communicable Diseases According to Kataria et al., (2020), non-communicable infections lead to 62\% of total deaths in India. Most of these deaths result from preventable premature deaths, which constitutes 48\% of deaths. Due to this high number, the countrys healthcare system has not established proper plans or strategies for managing and controlling diseases by implementing potential healthcare policies and health initiatives. Unlike the U.S.s healthcare system, India lacks investments guided by a national research plan to prevent and control non-communicable diseases. Thus, refining a national research plan for non-communicable infections, which can be adopted by government care departments, the private sector, and non-governmental organizations, will enhance Indias healthcare systems capacity to manage and control all types of diseases. For instance, Kataria et al., (2020) say that the United States has implemented the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) to strengthen healthcare infrastructure for health promotion, early diagnosis, and treatment. Conclusively, Indias healthcare system has tried to match and compete with the care systems of western nations such as the U.S., Japan, Brazil, and the U.K. However, the country has minimized the healthcare costs, even for chronic diseases, to have a competitive advantage in the global healthcare market. India receives more tourists arrivals seeking further treatment than other countries in the world. However, the nation needs to review its national research agenda for communicable and non-communicable diseases, improve healthcare access to all people, and start universal healthcare coverage countrywide to strengthen its care system. References Carson, C., Nair, M., Altijani, N., Choudhury, S. S., Rani, A., Sarma, U. C., & Knight, M. (2018). Stillbirth among women in nine states in India: rate and risk factors in study of 886,505 women from the annual health survey. BMJ Open, 8. https://doi-org.proxy-library.ashford.edu/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022583 Ghosh, J. (2015). Deep cuts to Indias health spending will delay universal access to healthcare. BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online), 350http://dx.doi.org.proxy-library.ashford.edu/10.1136/bmj.h1632 Joseph, K. S., Lisonkova, S., Muraca, G. M., Razaz, N., Sabr, Y., Mehrabadi, A., & Schisterman, E. F. (2017, January). Factors underlying the Temporal increase in maternal mortality in the United States. Obstetrics and gynecology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5177465/. Jukkarwala, A., Baheti, N. N., Dhakoji, A., Salgotra, B., Menon, G., Gupta, A., Prakash, S., & Rathore, C. (2019). Establishment of low-cost epilepsy surgery centers in a resource-poor setting. Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy, 69, 245–250. https://doi-org.proxy-library.ashford.edu/10.1016/j.seizure.2019.05.007 Kataria, I., Siddiqui, M., Gillespie, T., Goodman, M., Dhillon, P. K., Bann, C., & Squiers, L. (2020). A research agenda for non-communicable disease prevention and control in India. Health Research Policy and Systems, 18(1), 1-7. Medhekar, A., Wong, H. Y., & Hall, J. E. (2019). Factors influencing inbound medical travel to India. Journal of Health Organization & Management, 33(2), 155–172. https://doi-org.proxy-library.ashford.edu/10.1108/JHOM-08-2018-0234 Mondal, D., Karmakar, S., & Banerjee, A. (2020). Women’s autonomy and utilization of maternal healthcare in India: Evidence from a recent national survey. PLoS ONE, 15, 1–12. https://doi-org.proxy-library.ashford.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0243553 Patel, V., Chatterji, S., Chisholm, D., Ebrahim, S., Gopalakrishna, G., Mathers, C., Mohan, V., Prabhakaran, D., Ravindran, R. D., & Reddy, K. S. (2011). Chronic diseases and injuries in India. Lancet (London, England), 377(9763), 413–428. https://doi-org.proxy-library.ashford.edu/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61188-9 Srivastava, D., & McGuire, A. (2016). The Determinants of Access to Health Care and Medicines in India. Applied Economics, 48(16–18), 1618–1632. https://doi-org.proxy-library.ashford.edu/http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/raec20