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I need help with Homework questions CJ513 Unit 3 DQ Topic #1 The Definition of Cyberterrorism Discuss the current debate surrounding the definition of cyberterrorism. Why is there no common definition? What are some of the challenges associated with establishing a common definition? Provide examples of two competing definitions of cyberterrorism from different sources and discuss the differences between the definitions. What are the implications of these differences? Be sure to properly cite and reference sources used Topic #1: Student Response #1(Respond to Joe) Joe Cacioppo Good evening class,   This was an interesting topic to research and had not given much thought to the nuances in defining and making a distinction between cyberterrorism and cybercrime. I was also surprised to hear there was not a common definition of cyberterrorism.  I reviewed the United States Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation website and found an article written by Tafoya (2011), who defined cyberterrorism as “the intimidation of civilian enterprise through the use of high technology to bring about political, religious, or ideological aims, actions that result in disabling or deleting critical infrastructure data or information.”  An alternate definition according to the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) defined cyberterrorism as, ““the use of computer network tools to shut down critical national infrastructures (e.g., energy, transportation, government operations) or to coerce or intimidate a government or civilian population.” (Tafoya, 2011.)   In comparing the two different definitions given, the similarities include the use of technology to coerce or intimidate to produce a change. The differences in the FBI definition have a better defined group of targeted populations for change, for example political, religious or ideological change.  I have not seen an implication between the differences in the two given definitions. The end result, and the methods for cyberterrorism is similar.   Additional research on cyberterrorism described the activity as any premeditated, politically motivated attack against information systems, programs and data that results in violence against noncombatant targets by subnational groups of clandestine agents, (Hanna, et. al., nd.)   References: Hanna, H.T., Ferguson, K, Rosencrance, L. (nd.) Techtarget network. Cyberterrorism.  https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/cyberterrorism Tafoya, W.L. 2011. The United States Department of Justice. Cyber Terror.  https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/cyber-terror Topic #1: Student Response #2(Respond to Elizabeth) Elizabeth Stuart Cyberterrorism, while understood by some on a basic level, remains an elusive concept to many. There is no agreed upon definition in academia or government for this term. Due to this, it can be difficult to pinpoint what exactly constitutes cyberterrorism. In their article, Klein (2018) utilized a definition by Denning (2000), who described cyberterrorism as the place where cyberspace meets terrorism. This by itself seems easy enough to understand. Denning’s (2000) definition also states cyberterrorism includes unlawful acts committed to threaten a government or people to act in accordance with the terrorists’ wishes. Furthermore, the act must include violence, or cause enough damage to elicit fear (Denning, 2000). This definition provides many requirements for an act to be considered terrorism. This could prove difficult for prosecution purposes, depending on the region the act occurs in.  There are several reasons why there is no single definition of cyberterrorism. For one, cyberterrorism depends on the technological capabilities of the victim in addition to the suspect. What could be considered cyberterrorism to one country may be different to another, depending on technological advancements. Additionally, technology is always advancing. This makes it difficult to solidify a definition as it could change in coming years. Cavelty (2007) stated, “academics agree in general that to be labeled cyber-terrorism, cyber-incidents must be mounted by sub-national terrorist groups, be aimed at parts of the information infrastructure, instill terror by effects that are sufficiently destructive or disruptive to generate fear, and must have a political, religious, or ideological motivation” (p. 22). Compared to Denning’s (2000) definition, Cavelty’s (2007) seems rather similar. However, Cavelty’s (2007) includes that cyberterrorism must be aimed at the information infrastructure and narrowed down the categories of the terrorists’ motivations. This definition provides more information but also states cyberterrorism must be violent in nature. This shows how it would be prudent to have a single definition for cyberterrorism so as to decrease confusion and make laws more precise. Denning, D. (2000, May 23). “Cyberterrorism,” testimony before the Special Oversight Panel on Terrorism, Committee on Armed Services, U.S. House of Representatives.  www.stealthiss.com/documents/pdf/cyberterrorism.pdf Cavelty, M. D. (2007). Cyber-terror--looming threat or phantom menace? The framing of the US cyber-threat debate. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 4(1), 19–36. Doi: 10.1300/J516v04n01_03 Klein,  J. J. (2018). Deterring and dissuading cyberterrorism. Air & Space Power Journal: Afrique et Francophonie, 9(1), 21–34. Doi: 10.5038/1944-0472.8.4.1460 Topic #1: Student Response #3(Respond to Damon) Damon Bradshaw Cyber-attacks are becoming more alarming and are often linked to the widely publicized threat of terrorism. Although the term is often used to describe the attacks, their exact nature is still not clearly defined. According to Brickey (2012), cyberterrorism is a broad term that refers to the activities of groups or individuals that are designed to disrupt or damage the integrity of a network or system. Brickey (2012) notes that the biggest challenge of defining the term cyberterrorism and establishing a common definition results from the public misunderstanding of the term, often getting confused with other terms such as hacktivism and cyberwar. The complexity of the concept of cyberterrorism, various attempts at defining it have been made, with the confusion regarding its usage becoming more prevalent in the media and public discourse. Plotnet and Slay (2021) claim that Barry C. Collin was the first person to coin the term cyberterrorism, defining it as, “the convergence of cybernetics and terrorism” (p.3). On the other hand, Iqbal (2004) notes that cyberterrorism has been defined as the act of hacking with a body count. Despite the numerous articles on cyberterrorism, there is still no single definition that can be used to describe the crime, with cyberterrorism still being considered a serious crime. “Cyberterrorism is the convergence of terrorism and cyberspace” (Iqbal, 2004, p.402). According to Hanna, Ferguson, and Rosencrance (2021), cyberterrorism is defined by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as intentional attacks that are politically motivated against data, computer programs and systems that ends in violence against civilians by covert agents. Since there is no collectively agreed on definition of cyberterrorism, conceptions range broadly including any form of online terrorist activity. There is need for a new approach that defines cyberterrorism allowing for additional precise cyberterrorism subsets suiting the unique applications, at the same time retaining a mutual understanding of policy standardization, research, and global collaboration threats. Hanna, K., Ferguson, K. and Rosencrance, L., 2021. What is cyberterrorism?. [online] SearchSecurity. Available at: <https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/cyberterrorism> [Accessed 13 August 2021]. Brickey, J. (2012). Defining Cyberterrorism: Capturing a Broad Range of Activities in Cyberspace – Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. Retrieved 13 August 2021, from  https://ctc.usma.edu/defining-cyberterrorism-capturing-a-broad-range-of-activities-in-cyberspace/ Plotnek, J. J., & Slay, J. (2021). Cyber terrorism: A homogenized taxonomy and definition. Computers & Security, 102, 102145. Iqbal, M. (2004). Defining Cyberterrorism, 22 J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 397 (2004). The John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law, 22(2), 2. Topic #2 Cyberterrorism vs. Cybercrime Discuss the characteristics that would distinguish an attack of cyberterrorism from an attack of cybercrime. Discuss four specific characteristics that could be used to identify an attack as cyberterrorism or cybercrime. Why is it important to effectively distinguish between the two? Topic #2: Student Response #1 (Respond to Nathanael) Nathanael Plumb The primary differences between cybercrime and cyberterrorism are the goals between the two.  Cybercrime is motivated by greed and the flaunting of ability.  Cyberterrorism ensures the cybercrime committed affects a large audience and frightens the public with the possibility of repeat action.  Cybercriminals use a variety of computer-based weapons to disrupt, block, or seize information from corporate networks.  Cybercrime is not limited to those crimes committed over the internet.  Cybercrimes are part of larger crimes and may assist in furtherance of a larger crime.  Acts of cyberterrorism are cybercrimes with the intent to violate public trust, frighten the public, or influencing political authorities (Sychev, 2014).  The primary difference between cybercrime and cyberterrorism is lies in the goals between the two.    Sychev, M.  (2014).  Cybercrime and Cyberterrorism.  National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine.  Retrieved from  https://www.nap.edu/read/10968/chapter/13 Topic #2: Student Response #2 (Respond to Dave) David Carusotto Hello All, There are many differences between cyberterrorism and cybercrime. Cyberterrorism is the act of using information technology to cause mass disruption or place society in fear (Muhic, 2019). An example of this would be the attack on the pipeline that forced Americans into a panic because they were unsure whether there would be fuel for their vehicles. This caused many Americans to horde gas out of panic, causing many people to be left with none until the attack was resolved. A cyberattack is an attack on computer software to damage a network (Bezdrob, 2019). Cyber attacks are on a much smaller scale, and unlike cyberterrorism, their attacks are not caused to place society in fear. An example of a cyber attack would be a virus on a computer that refrains a person from using their device. While this may inconvenience the software owner, it will most likely not cause mass hysteria out within society. It is essential to distinguish between the terrorism can affect mass amounts of people (Muhic, 2019). It is the same as an isolated incident of a crime. For example, if there was a shooting and a person was killed, and there is information to support there was an issue between the two people, people would call this a terrorist attack. Although the word terrorism has a tendency to cause panic and fear among people, the term must be used correctly not to have society overreact.  Thank you, Dave Bezdrob, E. (2019). Cyber terrorism. Journal of Criminal Justice, Criminology and Security Studies, 1(5), 217-226. Muhic, E. (2019). Cyber terrorism as new way of warfare: Secondary case analysis of Stuxnet and theoretical approach to cyber terrorism. Journal of Criminal Justice and Security Studies, 1(5), 227-243. Topic #2: Student Response #3 (Respond to Kevin) Kevin Minderman As we discovered in the previous discussion there is not a clear-cut definition for cyber terrorism. Like cyberterrorism, cybercrime has multiple definitions causing issues as well. For example, individuals with expertise in law enforcement will have a different perspective than persons with expertise in information security (Gong, 2017, p. vii). In regards to cyberterrorism, the general intent is to influence behaviors of decisions of society and governments for political, social, religious, or ideological agenda. Cybercrime is more associated with personal gain or gratification.  Cybercrime is more specifically defined by the FBI as they categorize cyber-crime into four areas: 1) computer intrusions, 2) theft of intellectual property and personal information, 3) child pornography and exploitation, and 4) online fraud (Gong, 2017). With these examples, there is an apparent difference from cyberterrorism. These examples are crimes that would definitely fall under personal gain or gratification or both.  The importance to distinguish the two is important especially when it comes to the court of law.  The United States does not have a specific criminal code for cyberterrorism.  When a particular crime is committed that might fall under such title, the United States must first determine if it falls under their definition of terrorism. Under USC Title 18, Involves violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal law of the United States or of any State, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or of any State (Gong, 2017, p14). Understanding the difference between cyberterrorism and cybercrime becomes pivotal when the justice system looks to charge offenders and the outcome of the sentences that are placed on the offender.  Gong, C. (2017)Cyber-terrorism and cyber-crime: There is a difference. Defense Technical Information Center.  https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1054569 CJ 513 Unit 3 Assignment Cyberterrorism The potential threat posed by cyberterrorism has provoked considerable alarm. Numerous security experts, politicians, and others have publicized the danger of cyberterrorists hacking into government and private computer systems and crippling the military, financial, and service sectors of advanced economies. Psychological, political, and economic forces have combined to promote the fear of cyberterrorism. From a psychological perspective, two of the greatest fears of modern times are combined in the term cyberterrorism. The fear of random, violent victimization blends well with the distrust and outright fear of computer technology. Debate continues to exist regarding the nature and definition of cyberterrorism. Using the assigned readings and additional resources, discuss the extent to which cyberterrorism exists and the characteristics that distinguish cyberterrorism from cybercrime. Provide specific examples to support your application and analysis of the debate surrounding the nature and definition of cyberterrorism. In addition, discuss the potential effects of cyberterrorism, providing specific examples. Your paper should be 4-6 pages in length and include at least five specific examples of different types of cyberterrorism that might be conducted and the associated effects that would be expected from such an attack. Use at least two credible sources beyond the assigned reading and discuss how you evaluated the credibility of each source. You may consult the Library, the internet, the textbook, other course material, and any other outside resources in supporting your task, using proper citations and references in APA style. Download the Unit 3 Assignment Checklist. Directions for Submitting Your Assignment Compose your essay in Word and save it with a name you will remember. Be sure to include your name, class, and unit number in your essay. Submit your Assignment by selecting the Unit 3: Assignment 2 Dropbox by the end of Unit 3. HM502 Unit 3 DQ Topic 1: Effective Risk Communication Effective risk communication in a crisis situation is essential to increasing comprehension of the threats, risk perception, and ensuring affected groups act safely and appropriately before, during, and after the crisis. As such, effective risk communication has identifiable and replicable characteristics that all homeland security professionals need to understand in depth. In addition, DHS needs all spokespersons for the department to be able to put these characteristics into action when a crisis emerges. · After reading about risk communication, how would you define it and explain why you think it is important? · What is the overall purpose of risk communication? · What are some of the misconceptions concerning risk communication? · What are some of the challenges to effective risk communication? Topic 1: Student Response#1 (Respond to John) John Meyers RISK COMMUNICATION: An interactive process of exchange of information and opinion among individuals, groups, and institutions; often involves multiple messages about the nature of risk or expressing concerns, opinions, or reactions to risk messages or to legal and institutional arrangements for risk management. (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2002, p. 4) Risk communication is about people talking between each other to coordinate how to deal with some kind of disaster or risky things like hurricanes so that people can deal with the problem or mitigate the problems that could come up but have not yet.  This is different than dealing with a problem that is occurring because it is communication that deals with avoiding or decreasing the problems from something that could be dangerous but has not actually done anything to hurt anyone yet.  It can also come after the disaster with ways to avoid the problem in the future.  Like, if a hurricane wrecks more than what was expected and the aftermath was not handled well then people can communicate about how to do better next time One of the biggest challenges to Risk communications is making people take the risk seriously before it becomes a problem.  If a risk has not become a problem it can wait another day.  Eventually that day comes, but as long as the risk has not become a disaster it is not a problem for today.  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2002).  Communicating in a crisis: Risk communication guidelines for public officials.    http://kapextmediassl-a.akamaihd.net/crimJust/HM502/HM502_2003D/Unit03_Communicating_in_a_crisis.pdf Topic 1: Student Response#2 (Respond to Skyler) Skyler Fry Define / Importance The Nuclear Regulatory Commission puts risk communication in an interesting way, they state that the concept of risk in their eyes is Risk = Probability x Consequences but they state that public perception of risk is Risk = Hazard + Outrage (NRC, 2004). The CDC defines risk communication as providing the audience with information about the expected type (good or bad) and magnitude (weak or strong) of an outcome from a behavior or exposure (CDC, 2018). The CDC uses their Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) Lifecycle to break down the main speaking points that should be discussed during each phase of an incident. I find both of these perceptions of risk and risk communication interesting because I define risk communication in the public sector as the ability for a governing body to relay prevalent information to responders, decision makers, and the public in such a way that it can be easily understood and put into action without causing undue fear. It is very important to have effective communication prior to, during, and after an incident in order for the mission to succeed.  Purpose The American Society of Safety Professionals lists seven elements of effective risk communication as; partner with the public, plan and evaluate your efforts, listen to concerns, be honest, coordinate and collaborate, meet the needs of the media, and speak clearly and with compassion (American Society of Safety Professionals, 2020). Which if each portion is broken down would assist the situation and communicate the needs of the situation. The overall purpose of risk communication is to enact action by providing information pertinent to an event even if that action is inaction such as shelter in place.  Misconceptions and Challenges Misconceptions happen all the time when it comes to public speaking as persons with one view take the information one way and the opposite for those with another view. This is why it is very important to allow time for questions and to come prepared to answer those questions. A prime example of improper preparation is the Army General that spoke about the Taliban taking over Afghanistan again who was questioned on what the plan is for all of the equipment that was left behind for the Afghan Military that is now in control of the Taliban making them the most well equipped terrorist organization on the planet. His response was that he did not have an answer for that. His advisor team failed him in this aspect as that should have been a question that he was prepared for. Another challenge is providing enough information to inform the people for their future actions without divulging too much information where it overloads and causes panics which is why the suggested speaking time is only 15 minutes.  American Society of Safety Professionals. (2020). 7 elements of Effective risk and crisis communication. American Society of Safety Professionals.  https://www.assp.org/news-and-articles/2020/03/26/seven-elements-of-effective-risk-and-crisis-communication. CDC. (2018). Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication Manual. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  https://emergency.cdc.gov/cerc/manual/index.asp. NRC. (2004). Effective Risk Communication. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.  https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0509/ML050960339.pdf.