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Alabama Energy and Employment Overview Alabama has an average concentration of energy employment, with 49,320 Traditional Energy workers statewide. 10,838 of these workers are in the Fuels sector, 29,438 work in Transmission, Wholesale Distribution, and Storage, and 9,045 workers are employed in Electric Power Generation. 1.5\% of the Traditional Energy jobs across the U.S. are located in Alabama. The traditional energy sector in Alabama is 2.6\% of total state employment (compared to 2.4\% of national employment). Alabama has an additional 30,203 jobs in Energy Efficiency (1.4\% of all energy efficiency jobs nationwide) and 63,174 in motor vehicles (2.6\% of all motor vehicle jobs nationwide). Figure 1. Employment by Major Technology Technology Breakdown Electric Power Generation The Electric Power Generation segment employs 9,045 workers in Alabama, 1.1\% of the national total. Traditional fossil fuel generation makes up the largest segment with 3,390 jobs, followed by wind at 1,077 jobs. 9,045 10,838 29,438 30,203 63,174 Electric Power Generation Fuels Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Energy Efficiency Motor Vehicles Figure 2. Electric Power Generation Employment by Sub Technology Utilities are responsible for most of the employment in Electric Power Generation, with 84.3\% of jobs. Professional and business services employment represents 7.2\% of the total. Figure 3. Electric Power Generation Employment by Industry Sectors Fuels Fuels account for 10,838 jobs in Alabama, 1.0\% of the national total. Petroleum and other fossil fuels represent the largest segment of fuel-related employment, with 3,398 jobs. Figure 4. Fuel Employment by Sub Technology 760 1,077 350 1,657 1,529 204 3,468 Solar Electric Generation Wind Electric Generation Traditional Hydroelectric Generation Natural Gas Generation Coal Generation Oil & Other Fossil Fuel Generation Other Generation 84.3\% 1.3\% 3.6\% 3.5\% 7.2\% 0.1\% Utilities Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Other Services Mining and extraction jobs represent 30.6\% of fuel jobs in Alabama. Figure 5. Fuel Employment by Industry Sectors Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Transmission, distribution, and storage employment in Alabama represents 2.2\% of the national total in the segment. Figure 6. Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Employment by Sub Technology 2,540 3,398 912 54 8 1,047 2,880 Coal Oil & Other Petroleum Natural Gas Corn Ethanol Other Ethanol / Non-woody Biomass Woody Biomass Other Fuels 9.3\% 30.6\% 0.0\% 26.3\% 10.0\% 22.5\% 1.3\% Agriculture and Forestry Mining Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Other Services Utilities employ the largest percentage of Transmission, Distribution, and Storage jobs in Alabama, with 40.8\% of jobs statewide. Figure 7. Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Employment by Industry Sectors Energy Efficiency The 30,203 energy efficiency jobs in Alabama represents 1.4\% of all energy efficiency jobs nationally. The largest number of these employees work in advanced materials and insulation firms, followed by traditional HVAC. Energy Efficiency employment is found in the construction industry. Figure 8. Energy Efficiency Employment by Sub Technology 15,972 1,059 272 12,135 Traditional Transmission and Distribution Storage Smart Grid Micro Grid & Other 40.8\% 39.9\% 4.5\% 13.4\% 1.4\% Utilities Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Other Services Figure 9. Energy Efficiency Employment by Industry Sectors Motor Vehicles Motor vehicle employment accounts for 63,174 jobs in Alabama, with the most jobs found in manufacturing. Figure 10. Motor Vehicle Employment by Industry Sectors 817 5,205 2,638 18,937 2,607 Energy Star & Efficient Lighting Traditional HVAC High Efficiency & Renewable Heating & Cooling Advanced Materials and Insulation Other 62.1\% 25.3\% 3.8\% 8.8\% Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services 67.5\% 8.9\% 0.8\% 18.7\% 4.1\% Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Repair and Maintenance Commodity Flows Workforce Characteristics Hiring Difficulty Figure 13. Hiring Difficulty by Major Technology Technology Very difficult Somewhat difficult Not at all difficult DK/NA Electric Power Generation NA NA NA NA Electric Power Transmission, Distribution, and Storage NA NA NA NA Energy Efficiency 45.5\% 45.5\% 9.1\% 0.0\% Fuels 14.3\% 71.4\% 0.0\% 14.3\% Transportation, including Motor Vehicles NA NA NA NA Component Parts for Transportation Vehicles NA NA NA NA Alaska Energy and Employment Overview Alaska has a high concentration of energy employment, with 21,027 Traditional Energy workers statewide. 13,504 of these workers are in the Fuels sector, 6,199 work in Transmission, Wholesale Distribution, and Storage, and 1,324 workers are employed in Electric Power Generation. 0.6\% of the Traditional Energy jobs across the U.S. are located in Alaska. The traditional energy sector in Alaska is 6.6\% of total state employment (compared to 2.4\% of national employment). Alaska has an additional 4,421 jobs in Energy Efficiency (0.2\% of all energy efficiency jobs nationwide) and 3,460 in motor vehicles (.1\% of all motor vehicle jobs nationwide). Figure 1. Employment by Major Technology Technology Breakdown Electric Power Generation The Electric Power Generation segment employs 1,324 workers in Alaska, 0.2\% of the national total. Traditional fossil fuel generation makes up the largest segment with 532 jobs, followed by traditional hydroelectric generation at 469 jobs. 1,324 13,504 6,199 4,421 3,460 Electric Power Generation Fuels Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Energy Efficiency Motor Vehicles Figure 2. Electric Power Generation Employment by Sub Technology Utilities are responsible for most of the employment in Electric Power Generation, with 43.7\% of jobs. Construction employment represents 26.8\% of the total. Figure 3. Electric Power Generation Employment by Industry Sectors Fuels Fuels account for 13,504 jobs in Alaska, 1.2\% of the national total. Petroleum and other fossil fuels represent the largest segment of fuel-related employment, with 7,395 jobs. Figure 4. Fuel Employment by Sub Technology 98 37 469 293 88 151 188 Solar Electric Generation Wind Electric Generation Traditional Hydroelectric Generation Natural Gas Generation Coal Generation Oil & Other Fossil Fuel Generation Other Generation 43.7\% 26.8\% 4.5\% 10.5\% 13.1\% 1.4\% Utilities Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Other Services Mining and extraction jobs represent 91.2\% of fuel jobs in Alaska. Figure 5. Fuel Employment by Industry Sectors Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Transmission, distribution, and storage employment in Alaska represents 0.5\% of the national total in the segment. Figure 6. Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Employment by Sub Technology 134 7,395 5,874 - - 45 55 Coal Oil & Other Petroleum Natural Gas Corn Ethanol Other Ethanol / Non-woody Biomass Woody Biomass Other Fuels 91.2\% 3.5\% 2.0\% Agriculture and Forestry Mining Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Other Services Construction employs the largest percentage of Transmission, Distribution, and Storage jobs in Alaska, with 50.6\% of jobs statewide. Figure 7. Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Employment by Industry Sectors Energy Efficiency The 4,421 energy efficiency jobs in Alaska represents 0.2\% of all energy efficiency jobs nationally. The largest number of these employees work in high efficiency HVAC and renewable heating and cooling firms, followed by advanced materials and insulation. Energy Efficiency employment is found in the construction industry. Figure 8. Energy Efficiency Employment by Sub Technology 4,250 267 25 1,657 Traditional Transmission and Distribution Storage Smart Grid Micro Grid & Other 16.5\% 50.6\% 0.4\% 28.9\% 3.5\% Utilities Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Other Services Figure 9. Energy Efficiency Employment by Industry Sectors Motor Vehicles Motor vehicle employment accounts for 3,460 jobs in Alaska, with the most jobs found in repair and maintenance. Figure 10. Motor Vehicle Employment by Industry Sectors 374 574 1,843 1,496 134 Energy Star & Efficient Lighting Traditional HVAC High Efficiency & Renewable Heating & Cooling Advanced Materials and Insulation Other 80.5\% 1.3\% 7.3\% 10.9\% Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Workforce Characteristics Hiring Difficulty Figure 13. Hiring Difficulty by Major Technology Technology Very difficult Somewhat difficult Not at all difficult DK/NA Electric Power Generation 12.5\% 50.0\% 37.5\% 0.0\% Electric Power Transmission, Distribution, and Storage NA NA NA NA Energy Efficiency 33.3\% 33.3\% 33.3\% 0.0\% Fuels 0.0\% 60.0\% 40.0\% 0.0\% Transportation, including Motor Vehicles NA NA NA NA Component Parts for Transportation Vehicles NA NA NA NA 2.2\% 28.0\% 17.8\% 50.8\% 1.3\% Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Repair and Maintenance Commodity Flows Arizona Energy and Employment Overview Arizona has a low concentration of energy employment, with 42,761 Traditional Energy workers statewide. 1,081 of these workers are in the Fuels sector, 20,417 work in Transmission, Wholesale Distribution, and Storage, and 21,263 workers are employed in Electric Power Generation. 1.3\% of the Traditional Energy jobs across the U.S. are located in Arizona. The traditional energy sector in Arizona is 1.6\% of total state employment (compared to 2.4\% of national employment). Arizona has an additional 40,663 jobs in Energy Efficiency (1.9\% of all energy efficiency jobs nationwide) and 29,293 in motor vehicles (1.2\% of all motor vehicle jobs nationwide). Figure 1. Employment by Major Technology Technology Breakdown Electric Power Generation The Electric Power Generation segment employs 21,263 workers in Arizona, 2.5\% of the national total. Traditional fossil fuel generation makes up the largest segment with 9,863 jobs, followed by solar at 9,774 jobs. 21,263 1,081 20,417 40,663 29,293 Electric Power Generation Fuels Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Energy Efficiency Motor Vehicles Figure 2. Electric Power Generation Employment by Sub Technology Utilities are responsible for most of the employment in Electric Power Generation, with 33.5\% of jobs. Construction employment represents 26. \% of the total. Figure 3. Electric Power Generation Employment by Industry Sectors Fuels Fuels account for 1,081 jobs in Arizona, 0.1\% of the national total. Coal represent the largest segment of fuel-related employment, with 433 jobs. Figure 4. Fuel Employment by Sub Technology 9,774 694 151 3,649 6,060 154 781 Solar Electric Generation Wind Electric Generation Traditional Hydroelectric Generation Natural Gas Generation Coal Generation Oil & Other Fossil Fuel Generation Other Generation 33.5\% 26.0\% 11.2\% 10.3\% 18.2\% 0.8\% Utilities Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Other Services Professional and business services jobs represent 59.7\% of fuel jobs in Arizona. Figure 5. Fuel Employment by Industry Sectors Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Transmission, distribution, and storage employment in Arizona represents 1.6\% of the national total in the segment. Figure 6. Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Employment by Sub Technology 433 303 174 52 - 64 56 Coal Oil & Other Petroleum Natural Gas Corn Ethanol Other Ethanol / Non-woody Biomass Woody Biomass Other Fuels 13.0\% 5.5\% 59.7\% Agriculture and Forestry Mining Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Other Services Construction employs the largest percentage of Transmission, Distribution, and Storage jobs in Arizona, with 41. \% of jobs statewide. Figure 7. Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Employment by Industry Sectors Energy Efficiency The 40,663 energy efficiency jobs in Arizona represents 1.9\% of all energy efficiency jobs nationally. The largest number of these employees work in high efficiency HVAC and renewable heating and cooling firms, followed by traditional HVAC. Energy Efficiency employment is found in the construction industry. Figure 8. Energy Efficiency Employment by Sub Technology 12,919 1,845 165 5,489 Traditional Transmission and Distribution Storage Smart Grid Micro Grid & Other 35.1\% 41.0\% 1.7\% 14.7\% 7.5\% 0.0\% Utilities Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Other Services Figure 9. Energy Efficiency Employment by Industry Sectors Motor Vehicles Motor vehicle employment accounts for 29,293 jobs in Arizona, with the most jobs found in repair and maintenance. Figure 10. Motor Vehicle Employment by Industry Sectors 6,515 9,188 11,868 7,751 5,342 Energy Star & Efficient Lighting Traditional HVAC High Efficiency & Renewable Heating & Cooling Advanced Materials and Insulation Other 76.5\% 3.1\% 1.0\% 19.4\% Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Workforce Characteristics Hiring Difficulty Figure 13. Hiring Difficulty by Major Technology Technology Very difficult Somewhat difficult Not at all difficult DK/NA Electric Power Generation 22.2\% 50.0\% 25.9\% 1.9\% Electric Power Transmission, Distribution, and Storage NA NA NA NA Energy Efficiency 39.4\% 42.4\% 15.2\% 3.0\% Fuels NA NA NA NA Transportation, including Motor Vehicles NA NA NA NA Component Parts for Transportation Vehicles NA NA NA NA 9.4\% 20.1\% 3.0\% 64.3\% 3.1\% Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Repair and Maintenance Commodity Flows Arkansas Energy and Employment Overview Arkansas has an average concentration of energy employment, with 25,964 Traditional Energy workers statewide. 7,799 of these workers are in the Fuels sector, 15,009 work in Transmission, Wholesale Distribution, and Storage, and 3,156 workers are employed in Electric Power Generation. 0.8\% of the Traditional Energy jobs across the U.S. are located in Arkansas. The traditional energy sector in Arkansas is 2.2\% of total state employment (compared to 2.4\% of national employment). Arkansas has an additional 14,833 jobs in Energy Efficiency (0.7\% of all energy efficiency jobs nationwide) and 19,840 in motor vehicles (0.8\% of all motor vehicle jobs nationwide). Figure 1. Employment by Major Technology Technology Breakdown Electric Power Generation The Electric Power Generation segment employs 3,156 workers in Arkansas, 0.4\% of the national total. Wind makes up the largest segment with 825 jobs, followed by traditional fossil fuel generation at 640 jobs. 3,156 7,799 15,009 14,833 19,840 Electric Power Generation Fuels Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Energy Efficiency Motor Vehicles Figure 2. Electric Power Generation Employment by Sub Technology Utilities are responsible for most of the employment in Electric Power Generation, with 36.9\% of jobs. Wholesale trade employment represents 21.8\% of the total. Figure 3. Electric Power Generation Employment by Industry Sectors Fuels Fuels account for 7,799 jobs in Arkansas, 0.7\% of the national total. Petroleum and other fossil fuels represent the largest segment of fuel-related employment, with 3,936 jobs. Figure 4. Fuel Employment by Sub Technology 339 825 33 329 311 0 1,320 Solar Electric Generation Wind Electric Generation Traditional Hydroelectric Generation Natural Gas Generation Coal Generation Oil & Other Fossil Fuel Generation Other Generation 36.9\% 16.0\% 20.4\% 21.8\% 2.6\%2.2\% Utilities Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Other Services Mining and extraction jobs represent 27.5\% of fuel jobs in Arkansas. Figure 5. Fuel Employment by Industry Sectors Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Transmission, distribution, and storage employment in Arkansas represents 1.1\% of the national total in the segment. Figure 6. Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Employment by Sub Technology 115 3,936 1,723 349 509 651 517 Coal Oil & Other Petroleum Natural Gas Corn Ethanol Other Ethanol / Non-woody Biomass Woody Biomass Other Fuels 27.5\% 13.8\% 23.6\% Agriculture and Forestry Mining Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Other Services Utilities employ the largest percentage of Transmission, Distribution, and Storage jobs in Arkansas, with 47.6\% of jobs statewide. Figure 7. Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Employment by Industry Sectors Energy Efficiency The 14,833 energy efficiency jobs in Arkansas represents 0.7\% of all energy efficiency jobs nationally. The largest number of these employees work in traditional HVAC firms, followed by high efficiency HVAC and renewable heating and cooling. Energy Efficiency employment is found in the construction industry. Figure 8. Energy Efficiency Employment by Sub Technology 11,159 399 109 3,342 Traditional Transmission and Distribution Storage Smart Grid Micro Grid & Other 47.6\% 31.1\% 6.8\% 14.2\% 0.3\% Utilities Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Other Services Figure 9. Energy Efficiency Employment by Industry Sectors Motor Vehicles Motor vehicle employment accounts for 19,840 jobs in Arkansas, with the most jobs found in manufacturing. Figure 10. Motor Vehicle Employment by Industry Sectors 1,695 2,635 2,522 620 7,362 Energy Star & Efficient Lighting Traditional HVAC High Efficiency & Renewable Heating & Cooling Advanced Materials and Insulation Other 73.7\% 12.3\% 5.2\% 8.8\% Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Workforce Characteristics Hiring Difficulty Figure 13. Hiring Difficulty by Major Technology Technology Very difficult Somewhat difficult Not at all difficult DK/NA Electric Power Generation NA NA NA NA Electric Power Transmission, Distribution, and Storage NA NA NA NA Energy Efficiency 38.5\% 38.5\% 23.1\% 0.0\% Fuels 0.0\% 22.2\% 66.7\% 11.1\% Transportation, including Motor Vehicles NA NA NA NA Component Parts for Transportation Vehicles NA NA NA NA 34.7\% 17.5\% 3.1\% 32.4\% 12.3\% Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Repair and Maintenance Commodity Flows California Energy and Employment Overview California has an average concentration of energy employment, with 427,614 Traditional Energy workers statewide. 68,984 of these workers are in the Fuels sector, 155,360 work in Transmission, Wholesale Distribution, and Storage, and 203,269 workers are employed in Electric Power Generation. 13.1\% of the Traditional Energy jobs across the U.S. are located in California. The traditional energy sector in California is 2.6\% of total state employment (compared to 2.4\% of national employment). California has an additional 301,348 jobs in Energy Efficiency (13.8\% of all energy efficiency jobs nationwide) and 198,121 in motor vehicles (8.1\% of all motor vehicle jobs nationwide). Figure 1. Employment by Major Technology Technology Breakdown Electric Power Generation The Electric Power Generation segment employs 203,269 workers in California, 23.6\% of the national total. Solar makes up the largest segment with 152,947 jobs, followed by traditional fossil fuel generation at 18,520 jobs. 203,269 68,984 155,360 301,348 198,121 Electric Power Generation Fuels Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Energy Efficiency Motor Vehicles Figure 2. Electric Power Generation Employment by Sub Technology Construction are responsible for most of the employment in Electric Power Generation, with 30.4\% of jobs. Manufacturing employment represents 22.6\% of the total. Figure 3. Electric Power Generation Employment by Industry Sectors Fuels Fuels account for 68,984 jobs in California, 6.4\% of the national total. Petroleum and other fossil fuels represent the largest segment of fuel-related employment, with 48,566 jobs. Figure 4. Fuel Employment by Sub Technology 152,947 4,635 11,890 16,960 864 696 15,277 Solar Electric Generation Wind Electric Generation Traditional Hydroelectric Generation Natural Gas Generation Coal Generation Oil & Other Fossil Fuel Generation Other Generation 9.7\% 30.4\% 22.6\% 20.8\% 15.0\% 1.5\% Utilities Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Other Services Professional and business services jobs represent 32.4\% of fuel jobs in California. Figure 5. Fuel Employment by Industry Sectors Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Transmission, distribution, and storage employment in California represents 11.8\% of the national total in the segment. Figure 6. Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Employment by Sub Technology 1,323 48,566 10,687 246 990 2,629 4,542 Coal Oil & Other Petroleum Natural Gas Corn Ethanol Other Ethanol / Non-woody Biomass Woody Biomass Other Fuels 23.4\% 22.6\% 32.4\% Agriculture and Forestry Mining Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Other Services Construction employs the largest percentage of Transmission, Distribution, and Storage jobs in California, with 43.6\% of jobs statewide. Figure 7. Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Employment by Industry Sectors Energy Efficiency The 301,348 energy efficiency jobs in California represents 13.8\% of all energy efficiency jobs nationally. The largest number of these employees work in traditional HVAC firms, followed by ENERGY STAR and efficient lighting. Energy Efficiency employment is found in the construction industry. Figure 8. Energy Efficiency Employment by Sub Technology 99,965 25,203 1,908 28,285 Traditional Transmission and Distribution Storage Smart Grid Micro Grid & Other 23.7\% 43.6\% 7.6\% 13.2\% 11.5\% 0.3\% Utilities Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Other Services Figure 9. Energy Efficiency Employment by Industry Sectors Motor Vehicles Motor vehicle employment accounts for 198,121 jobs in California, with the most jobs found in repair and maintenance. Figure 10. Motor Vehicle Employment by Industry Sectors 65,442 116,446 58,313 18,473 42,674 Energy Star & Efficient Lighting Traditional HVAC High Efficiency & Renewable Heating & Cooling Advanced Materials and Insulation Other 58.5\% 11.0\% 8.1\% 22.4\% Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Figure 11: Parts Offered by Vehicle Fuel Type Figure 12: Revenue Attributable to Part for Fuel Economy 14.5\% 23.0\% 2.8\% 58.4\% 1.4\% Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Repair and Maintenance Commodity Flows 12.5\% 4.2\% 0.0\% 11.1\% 25.0\% 19.4\% 29.2\% 81.9\% Other Fuel Cell Vehicles Hydrogen Vehicles Natural Gas Vehicles Electric Vehicles Plug-In Hyrid Vehicles Hybrid Electric Vehicles Gasoline and Diesel Motor Vehicles 11.4\% 11.4\% 14.3\% 31.4\% 31.4\% All of it (100\%) Half to most of it (50\% to 99\%) A quarter to almost half of it (25\% to 49\%) Less than a quarter (1\% to 24\%) DK/NA Workforce Characteristics Hiring Difficulty Figure 13. Hiring Difficulty by Major Technology Technology Very difficult Somewhat difficult Not at all difficult DK/NA Electric Power Generation 18.7\% 57.9\% 20.8\% 2.7\% Electric Power Transmission, Distribution, and Storage 14.0\% 58.0\% 24.0\% 4.0\% Energy Efficiency 29.4\% 49.2\% 19.8\% 1.5\% Fuels 22.7\% 31.8\% 45.5\% 0.0\% Transportation, including Motor Vehicles 27.3\% 40.9\% 31.8\% 0.0\% Component Parts for Transportation Vehicles 33.3\% 42.9\% 19.0\% 4.8\% Colorado Energy and Employment Overview Colorado has a high concentration of energy employment, with 90,113 Traditional Energy workers statewide. 36,765 of these workers are in the Fuels sector, 28,252 work in Transmission, Wholesale Distribution, and Storage, and 25,096 workers are employed in Electric Power Generation. 2.8\% of the Traditional Energy jobs across the U.S. are located in Colorado. The traditional energy sector in Colorado is 3.6\% of total state employment (compared to 2.4\% of national employment). Colorado has an additional 29,756 jobs in Energy Efficiency (1.4\% of all energy efficiency jobs nationwide) and 30,221 in motor vehicles (1.2\% of all motor vehicle jobs nationwide). Figure 1. Employment by Major Technology Technology Breakdown Electric Power Generation The Electric Power Generation segment employs 25,096 workers in Colorado, 2.9\% of the national total. Solar makes up the largest segment with 8,027 jobs, followed by wind at 7,124 jobs. Figure 2. Electric Power Generation Employment by Sub Technology 25,096 36,765 28,252 29,756 30,221 Electric Power Generation Fuels Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Energy Efficiency Motor Vehicles Professional and business services are responsible for most of the employment in Electric Power Generation, with 57.8\% of jobs. Construction employment represents 17.7\% of the total. Figure 3. Electric Power Generation Employment by Industry Sectors Fuels Fuels account for 36,765 jobs in Colorado, 3.4\% of the national total. Petroleum and other fossil fuels represent the largest segment of fuel-related employment, with 13,731 jobs. Figure 4. Fuel Employment by Sub Technology 8,027 7,124 1,014 486 3,812 316 4,316 Solar Electric Generation Wind Electric Generation Traditional Hydroelectric Generation Natural Gas Generation Coal Generation Oil & Other Fossil Fuel Generation Other Generation 3.4\% 17.7\% 6.6\% 13.5\% 57.8\% 1.1\% Utilities Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Other Services Mining and extraction jobs represent 74\% of fuel jobs in Colorado. Figure 5. Fuel Employment by Industry Sectors Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Transmission, distribution, and storage employment in Colorado represents 2.1\% of the national total in the segment. Figure 6. Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Employment by Sub Technology 2,270 13,731 9,845 450 2,249 3,941 4,278 Coal Oil & Other Petroleum Natural Gas Corn Ethanol Other Ethanol / Non-woody Biomass Woody Biomass Other Fuels 74.0\% 1.9\% 17.6\% Agriculture and Forestry Mining Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Other Services Construction employs the largest percentage of Transmission, Distribution, and Storage jobs in Colorado, with 36.7\% of jobs statewide. Figure 7. Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Employment by Industry Sectors Energy Efficiency The 29,756 energy efficiency jobs in Colorado represents 1.4\% of all energy efficiency jobs nationally. The largest number of these employees work in ENERGY STAR and efficient lighting firms, followed by traditional HVAC. Energy Efficiency employment is found in the construction industry. Figure 8. Energy Efficiency Employment by Sub Technology 18,538 2,332 327 7,055 Traditional Transmission and Distribution Storage Smart Grid Micro Grid & Other 17.3\% 36.7\% 14.3\% 30.8\% Utilities Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Other Services Figure 9. Energy Efficiency Employment by Industry Sectors Motor Vehicles Motor vehicle employment accounts for 30,221 jobs in Colorado, with the most jobs found in repair and maintenance. Figure 10. Motor Vehicle Employment by Industry Sectors 9,394 8,477 5,186 5,489 1,210 Energy Star & Efficient Lighting Traditional HVAC High Efficiency & Renewable Heating & Cooling Advanced Materials and Insulation Other 55.8\% 41.7\% Construction Manufacturing Trade Professional Services 6.7\% 25.7\% 3.8\% 63.2\% 0.7\% Manufacturing Trade Professional Services Repair and Maintenance Commodity Flows Figure 11: Parts Offered by Vehicle Fuel Type Figure 12: Revenue Attributable to Part for Fuel Economy Workforce Characteristics Hiring Difficulty Figure 13. Hiring Difficulty by Major Technology Technology Very difficult Somewhat difficult Not at all difficult DK/NA Electric Power Generation 14.1\% 69.0\% 14.1\% 2.8\% Electric Power Transmission, Distribution, and Storage 44.4\% 22.2\% 33.3\% 0.0\% Energy Efficiency 56.0\% 32.0\% 12.0\% 0.0\% Fuels 20.0\% 55.0\% 25.0\% 0.0\% Transportation, including Motor Vehicles 16.7\% 33.3\% 50.0\% 0.0\% Component Parts for Transportation Vehicles NA NA NA NA 25.0\% 8.3\% 0.0\% 25.0\% 8.3\% 8.3\% 8.3\% 66.7\% Other Fuel Cell Vehicles Hydrogen Vehicles Natural Gas Vehicles Electric Vehicles Plug-In Hyrid Vehicles Hybrid Electric Vehicles Gasoline and Diesel Motor Vehicles 14.3\% 57.1\% 28.6\% Half to most of it (50\% to 99\%) Less than a quarter (1\% to 24\%) DK/NA Connecticut Energy and Employment Overview Connecticut has a low concentration of energy employment, with 18,619 Traditional Energy workers statewide. 3,209 of these workers are in the Fuels sector, 10,206 work in Transmission, Wholesale Distribution, and Storage, and 5,205 workers are … 1 2 This work was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government with the assistance of BW Research Partnership and is based on primary data collected on behalf of the United States Department of Energy (OMB Control No. 1910-5179) and secondary data from the United States Department of Labor’s Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages for Q1 of 2016. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors or their employees makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or any third party’s use or the results of such use of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference therein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply an endorsement on the part of the United States Government, the U.S. Department of Energy or any other referenced Federal agency. For inquiries regarding this report, please contact: 3 Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Findings ..................................................................................................................................................... 8 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 10 Energy-Related Employment Within Existing Industries, by NAICS Codes ............................................. 15 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 20 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 21 Electric Power Generation and Fuels Employment by Industry ........................................................... 24 Agriculture and Forestry .................................................................................................................... 24 Mining, Extraction, and Utility Generation ....................................................................................... 25 Construction ....................................................................................................................................... 26 Manufacturing .................................................................................................................................... 26 Wholesale Trade ................................................................................................................................. 27 Professional and Business Services ................................................................................................... 27 Electric Power Generation and Fuels Employment by Technology ...................................................... 28 Electric Power Generation ................................................................................................................. 28 Fuels .................................................................................................................................................... 30 Generation and Fuels – Workforce Characteristics ............................................................................... 31 Solar Electric Generation.................................................................................................................... 37 Wind Electric Generation ................................................................................................................... 39 Coal Electric Generation and Fuels .................................................................................................... 40 Oil Electric Generation and Petroleum Fuels .................................................................................... 41 Natural Gas Electric Generation and Fuels ........................................................................................ 42 Combined Heat and Power Electric Generation................................................................................ 43 Hydroelectric Generation ................................................................................................................... 44 Nuclear Electric Generation and Fuels............................................................................................... 45 Bioenergy/Biomass Electric Generation and Biofuels ...................................................................... 46 Corn Ethanol Fuels .............................................................................................................................. 47 Other Ethanol and Non-Woody Biomass Fuels, including Biodiesel ................................................ 47 Woody Biomass Fuel for Energy and Cellulosic Biofuels .................................................................. 47 4 Other Biofuels ..................................................................................................................................... 48 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 49 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 49 Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Employment by Industry ...................................................... 50 Utilities ................................................................................................................................................ 51 Construction ....................................................................................................................................... 51 Manufacturing .................................................................................................................................... 52 Wholesale Trade ................................................................................................................................. 53 Professional and Business Services ................................................................................................... 54 Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Employment by Sub-technology .......................................... 55 Transmission, Distribution, and Storage – Workforce Characteristics ................................................. 56 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 60 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 61 Energy Efficiency Employment by Industry ........................................................................................... 63 Construction ....................................................................................................................................... 63 Manufacturing .................................................................................................................................... 63 Wholesale Trade ................................................................................................................................. 64 Professional and Business Services ................................................................................................... 64 Energy Efficiency Employment by Technology ...................................................................................... 65 Energy Efficiency – Workforce Characteristics ...................................................................................... 67 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 70 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 71 Alternative Fuel Vehicles ....................................................................................................................... 73 Manufacturing ........................................................................................................................................ 75 Motor Vehicle Parts and Fuel Economy ................................................................................................ 75 Motor Vehicles – Workforce Characteristics ......................................................................................... 77 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................. 80 Appendix A: Survey and Analysis Methods ............................................................................................... 81 Appendix B: Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2014 (Quadrillion Btu) ..................... 83 Appendix C: ENERGY STAR® Unit Shipment and Market Penetration Report Calendar Year 2015 Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 84 5 Table of Figures Figure 1. Change in Net Generation by Energy Source (Thousand MWh), 2006 – Sept 2016 YTD ............ 22 Figure 2. Generation Employment by Industry, Q1 2016 ........................................................................... 23 Figure 3: Expected Employment Growth by Industry (Q4 2016 – Q4 2017) .............................................. 23 Figure 4. Fuels Employment by Industry, Q1 2016 ..................................................................................... 24 Figure 5: Expected Employment Growth by Industry (Q4 2016 – Q4 2017) .............................................. 24 Figure 6. Mining and Extraction Employment, Q1 2016 ............................................................................. 25 Figure 7. Utilities Employment, Q1 2016 .................................................................................................... 26 Figure 8. Construction Employment, Q1 2016 ............................................................................................ 26 Figure 9. Manufacturing Employment, Q1 2016 ........................................................................................ 27 Figure 10. Wholesale Trade, Distribution, and Transport Employment, Q1 2016 ..................................... 27 Figure 11. Professional and Business Services Employment, Q1 2016 ........................................................ 28 Figure 12. Electric Power Generation Employment by Technology, Q2 2015 - Q1 2016 ........................... 30 Figure 13. Fuels Employment by Technology, Q1 2016 .............................................................................. 31 Figure 14: Occupational Distribution - Electric Power Generation, Q4 2016 ............................................. 33 Figure 15: Occupational Distribution - Fuels, Q4 2016 ............................................................................... 33 Figure 16. Hiring Difficulty by Industry – Electric Power Generation, Q4 2016 .......................................... 34 Figure 17. Hiring Difficulty by Industry – Fuels, Q4 2016 ............................................................................ 34 Figure 18: Solar Employment Growth by Industry, 2010-2016 .................................................................. 37 Figure 19. Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Employment by Industry Sectors, Q2 2015 - Q1 2016 .................................................................................................................................................................... 50 Figure 20. Utilities Employment, Q1 2016 .................................................................................................. 51 Figure 21. Construction Employment, Q1 2016 .......................................................................................... 52 Figure 22. Manufacturing Employment, Q1 2016 ...................................................................................... 53 Figure 23. Wholesale Trade, Q1 2016 ......................................................................................................... 53 Figure 24. Retail Trade Employment, Q1 2016 ........................................................................................... 54 Figure 25. Professional and Business Services Employment, Q1 2016 ....................................................... 54 Figure 26. Employment by Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Sub-Technologies (Q1 2016) ........... 55 Figure 27. Transmission, Distribution, and Storage Sub-Technologies, Q2 2015 - Q1 2016 ...................... 56 Figure 28: Expected Employment Growth by Industry (Q4 2016 – Q4 2017) ............................................ 56 Figure 29: Occupational Distribution – Transmission, Distribution, and Transport, Q4 2016 .................... 57 Figure 30. Hiring Difficulty by Industry - Transmission, Distribution, and Transport, Q4 2016 .................. 58 Figure 31: Expected Employment Growth by Industry (Q4 2016 – Q4 2017) ............................................ 61 Figure 32. Energy Efficiency Employment by Industry Sectors, Q1 2016 ................................................... 62 Figure 33. Construction Employment, Q1 2016 .......................................................................................... 63 Figure 34. Manufacturing Employment (Q2 2015) ..................................................................................... 64 Figure 35. Wholesale Trade Employment (Q2 2015) .................................................................................. 64 Figure 36. Professional and Business Services Employment (Q2 2015) ..................................................... 65 Figure 37. Energy Efficiency Employment by Sub Technologies (Q2 2015 – Q1 2016) .............................. 66 Figure 38: Occupational Distribution – Energy Efficiency, Q4 2016 ........................................................... 68 Figure 39. Hiring Difficulty by Industry (Q4 2016) ...................................................................................... 68 Figure 40. Motor Vehicle Employment by Industry Sectors, Q2 2015 – Q1 2016 ...................................... 71 Figure 41: Expected Employment Growth by Industry (Q4 2016 – Q4 2017) ............................................ 72 Figure 42: Motor Vehicles and Component Parts Employment by Sub-technology (Q1 2016) ................. 74 6 Figure 43: Parts Offered by Type of Fuel Used, Component Parts ............................................................. 74 Figure 44: Motor Vehicles and Component Parts Manufacturing Employment by Sub-technology (Q1 2016) ........................................................................................................................................................... 75 Figure 45: Fuel Economy Employment in Component Parts (Q1 2016) ..................................................... 76 Figure 46: Revenue Attributable to Products that Increase Fuel Economy................................................ 76 Figure 47: Revenue Attributable to Products that Increase Fuel Economy by Primary Vehicle Type ........ 77 Figure 48: Occupational Distribution – Motor Vehicles and Component Parts, Q4 2016 .......................... 78 Figure 49: Hiring Difficulty by Industry – Motor Vehicles and Component Parts, Q4 2016 ....................... 78 7 Preface Among the recommendations in the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) 2015 Quadrennial Energy Review (QER) was Recommendation 8.6 entitled, Reform Existing Energy Jobs Data Collection Systems. Specifically, Recommendation 8.6 reads: DOE should establish an interagency working group—including the Departments of Labor and Commerce—to reform existing data collection systems and provide consistent and complete definitions and quantification of energy jobs across all sectors of the economy. DOE had identified four major gaps in existing energy employment data. These included: 1) business activities essential to the operation of traditional energy companies classified by the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) within the business activities of other sectors, 2) jobs associated with the production of renewable energy such as wind, solar, geothermal, etc., 3) jobs associated with energy efficiency, and 4) jobs associated with energy efficiency in manufacturing processes. Today, DOE is releasing the second annual United States Energy and Employment Report (USEER) as an ongoing step toward providing a more complete definition and quantification of energy employment across the economy. The 2017 USEER presents direct employment data for the first three of the gaps identified; the fourth will be addressed in a separate report on U.S. energy and manufacturing employment. Additional work between DOE and other federal agencies will continue to refine the necessary data collection methodologies. Finally, the survey supporting the 2017 USEER also includes state-level energy and employment data. Each state is provided with a short energy and employment profile, giving a high-level snapshot of the traditional energy sector, energy efficiency, and the motor vehicle industry. For more details about the data and its accessibility, please contact David Keyser through the DOE Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis. We want to thank our colleagues at the Bureau of Labor Statistics for their review of the survey methodology that underlies the USEER as well as our colleagues throughout the DOE. 8 Findings The 2017 U.S. Energy and Employment Report (USEER) finds that the Traditional Energy and Energy Efficiency sectors today employ approximately 6.4 million Americans. These sectors increased in 2016 by just under 5 percent, adding over 300,000 net new jobs, roughly 14\% of all those created in the country. The 2017 USEER analyzes four sectors of the U.S. economy. The first two of those sectors make up the Traditional Energy sector: • Electric Power Generation and Fuels • Transmission, Distribution and Storage • Energy Efficiency • Motor Vehicles Electric Power Generation and Fuels technologies directly employ more than 1.9 million workers. In 2016, 55 percent, or 1.1 million, of these employees worked in traditional coal, oil, and gas, while almost 800,000 workers were employed in low carbon emission generation technologies, including renewables, nuclear, and advanced/low emission natural gas. Just under 374,000 individuals work, in whole or in part, for solar firms, with more than 260,000 of those employees spending the majority of their time on solar. There are an additional 102,000 workers employed at wind firms across the nation. The solar workforce increased by 25\% in 2016, while wind employment increased by 32\%. The 2017 USEER also identifies about 2.3 million jobs in Transmission, Distribution, and Storage, with approximately 982,000 working in retail trade (gasoline stations and fuel dealers) and another 830,000 working across utilities and construction. Exclusive of the retail trade sector, Transmission, Wholesale Trade, Distribution and Storage firms —our country’s energy infrastructure—added over 65,000 jobs primarily by utility and construction companies, as they invested in hardening the nation’s energy infrastructure and building new transmission and distribution lines. Overall, 31.5 percent of respondent employers working in this sector reported that a majority of their revenues come from grid modernization or other utility-funded modernization projects. The 2017 USEER also shows that 2.2 million Americans are employed, in whole or in part, in the design, installation, and manufacture of Energy Efficiency products and services, adding 9 133,000 jobs in 2016. (Energy Efficiency employment is defined as the production or installation of energy efficiency products certified by the Environmental Protection Agency’s ENERGY STAR® program or installed pursuant to the ENERGY STAR® program guidelines or supporting services thereof). Almost 1.4 million Energy Efficiency jobs are in the construction industry. In addition, construction firms involved in the Energy Efficiency sector have experienced an increase in the percentage of their workers who spend at least 50\% of their time on Energy Efficiency-related work, rising from 64.8 percent in 2015 to 74.0 percent in 2016. Finally, an improved USEER survey methodology identified almost 290,000 manufacturing jobs, producing Energy Star® certified products and energy efficient building materials in the United States. The Motor Vehicles and Component Parts industry employs just over 2.4 million workers, exclusive of auto dealerships. Currently, more than 259,000 employees work with alternative fuels vehicles, including natural gas, hybrids, plug-in hybrids, all electric, and fuel cell/hydrogen vehicles, an increase of 69,000 jobs in 2016. Hybrids, plug-in hybrids, and all electric vehicles make up over 76 percent of this number, supporting 198,000 employees. Over 489,000 employees of Motor Vehicles Parts companies are now contributing to more fuel efficient vehicles. One-sixth (17\%) of all firms involved in Motor Vehicle component parts derive all of their revenue from products that increase fuel economy for Motor Vehicles. At least 710,000 jobs in the Motor Vehicle sector are focused on increasing fuel economy or transitioning to alternative fuels.1 Overall, firms covered by the survey anticipate roughly five percent employment growth for 2017. Energy Efficiency employers project the highest growth rate over the next 12 months (nine percent), followed by Electric Power Generation (seven percent); Transmission, Distribution, and Storage (six percent), and Motor Vehicles (just over three percent, although manufacturing will remain flat). The Fuels sector reported an expected decline of about three percent over the next 12 months. These energy-related sectors are relatively less diverse compared to the overall national workforce. Women are a smaller portion of the workforce in these sectors, ranging from 22 to 34 percent, compared to the overall economy, where women make up 47 percent of the workforce. The percentage of ethnic and racial minorities is slightly lower than the national average for Hispanic or Latino workers (14 percent versus 16 percent) and Black or African American workers (eight percent versus 12 percent). Veterans, however, comprise about one in ten workers, higher than the national average of seven percent. About 22 percent of the workforce is 55 years of age or older; this proportion is significantly higher in Fuels and Motor Vehicles, but lower in Generation; Transmission, Distribution, and Storage; and Energy Efficiency. Almost three-quarters of employers across these sectors (73 percent) reported difficulty hiring qualified workers over the last 12 months; 26 percent noted it was very difficult. 1 This number assumes that the percentage of employment working on component parts to improve fuel economy is the same for gasoline/diesel and alternative fuel vehicles. 10 Methodology The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) U.S. Energy and Employment Report (USEER) provides a quantitative lens with which to evaluate the employment impact of new energy technologies, shifting fuels deployment, and evolving transmission and distribution systems. It also presents a unique snapshot of energy efficiency employment in key sectors of the economy, including construction and manufacturing. Finally, the report illustrates how fuel efficiency as well as new technologies and materials affect employment in the motor vehicle industry. The USEER examines four sectors of the economy – “Electric Power Generation and Fuels”, “Transmission, Distribution, and Storage”, “Energy Efficiency”, and “Motor Vehicles”. The first two of these sectors, Electric Power Generation and Fuels and Transmission, Distribution, and Storage make up what are generally considered the “Traditional Energy” sectors. Energy Efficiency cuts across a range of occupations, especially construction and professional services, but includes manufacturing as well. The Motor Vehicles industry is included because its products play a special role in modern society’s use of energy with transportation representing 71 percent of the country’s daily domestic oil consumption and 28 percent of overall energy usage.2 For this reason, a complete report on energy and employment should describe how the motor vehicle industry is changing by vehicle fuel type and efficiency. As noted in the 2016 USEER Preface, we have expanded our survey of the motor vehicles industry to provide a deeper look at its parts’ industry and more fully understand the role of fuel efficiency throughout the supply chain. Current Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) labor market data tracks employment across many energy production, transmission, and distribution subsectors. These include utility generation; oil, gas and coal extraction; electrical generation manufacturing; and transmission, for instance. However, the industry classification structure used in data collection assigns a portion of the nation’s energy and energy efficiency work to broad categories of non-energy specific industry classifications, including construction, wholesale trade, and professional services. Within these classifications, certain subsectors contain both energy and non-energy related jobs. Analyzing these industry subsectors is particularly important in understanding employment trends in emerging technologies such as wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, and hydrogen and fuel cells, as well as new energy infrastructure, including storage and smart grid.3 These subsector analyses also provide insight into the distribution of the Energy Efficiency workforce as well as the role of new technologies in a rapidly evolving Motor Vehicle industry. 2 U.S. Energy Information Administration, November 2016 Monthly Energy Review. This figure does not include manufacture, sale, or repair of fuel efficient vehicles (only component parts), a significant exclusion given that a recent study found that 58\% of cars manufactured in the U.S. meet current CAFE standards and 52\% achieved at least 23 miles per gallon (Consumer Federation of America, Automakers Are on the Road to Meeting Fuel Efficiency Standards) 3 The report does not detail employment related to power generation from hydrogen and fuel cells. Fuel cell manufacturing and employment have experienced a high rate of growth in the production of fuel cells for stationary, combined heat and power, and backup applications. These new areas of employment growth may be addressed in future reports. 11 In order to better enhance QCEW data, BLS conducts two supplemental surveys. The first is the Multiple Worksite Report (MWR), which is collected each quarter to disaggregate the employment and wages of numerous establishments owned by a single employer into their individual worksite locations. This survey allows the employment and wages for each worksite location to be placed in their correct industrial and geographical category, thereby improving the accuracy of QCEW data. Thus, with the MWR, new business births and deaths, and their associated employment are identified each quarter in a timely manner. This rapid identification of births and deaths improves the QCEW. The second survey is the Annual Refiling Survey (ARS), which is conducted each year to update the classification codes (industrial, geographical, and ownership) currently assigned to the establishments on the QCEW which ensures the accuracy of detailed industry and geographic (such as county level) data. In a time of … Coal job losses offset elsewhere Gutman, David . The Charleston Gazette ; Charleston, W.V. [Charleston, W.V]13 Apr 2015: A.1. ProQuest document link ABSTRACT   As the American electricity sector transformed following the 2008 recession, job losses in the coal industry were far outweighed by job gains in natural gas, wind and solar. But, as a tour through West Virginias southern coalfields would show, those new jobs were typically not created in the same areas where jobs were lost, a new study finds. The coal electricity industry lost more than 49,000 jobs between 2008 and 2012, the report from Duke Universitys Nicholas School of the Environment estimated. So for the coal sector, the numbers encompass not only mining jobs, but jobs involving transporting coal and jobs at coal-fired power plants. Metallurgical coal is excluded. Its not very promising, unfortunately, at least in the near term, [Lincoln Pratson], a professor of earth science, said of energy jobs in West Virginia. I am always impressed at how rapidly the energy industry changes so Im hesitant to say what this bodes for even the near future for West Virginia, but if you just look at the situation as it stands now it doesnt look like the coal industry is going to undergo a rapid period of growth anytime soon. FULL TEXT   As the American electricity sector transformed following the 2008 recession, job losses in the coal industry were far outweighed by job gains in natural gas, wind and solar. But, as a tour through West Virginias southern coalfields would show, those new jobs were typically not created in the same areas where jobs were lost, a new study finds. The coal electricity industry lost more than 49,000 jobs between 2008 and 2012, the report from Duke Universitys Nicholas School of the Environment estimated. At the same time, the study estimates that the natural gas industry added nearly 95,000 jobs and wind and solar added a combined 79,000 jobs. Thats a net increase of more than 124,000 energy jobs over the last four years, but, for suffering coal communities, the job gains arent in the right places. Job increases in the natural gas, solar and wind industries generally did not occur where there were significant job losses in the coal industry, the study says, particularly in West Virginia and Kentucky. The numbers focus on operations jobs, not construction jobs. So for the coal sector, the numbers encompass not only mining jobs, but jobs involving transporting coal and jobs at coal-fired power plants. Metallurgical coal is excluded. The study did not include manufacturing or construction jobs, for building things like mining equipment, solar panels or power plants, as, the authors say, those jobs can often be outsourced, or for building power plants, can be temporary. For the coal and natural gas industries, the authors used economic and energy production data to extrapolate job changes. Job numbers for wind and solar come from industry reports. They then combined the overall jobs numbers with geographical data on where gas and coal are extracted, where new power generation has opened and where power plants have closed to get a county-by-county analysis. The hardest hit areas, the study finds, were in southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky as well as one county in Wyomings Powder River Basin. It did find moderate increases in coal jobs in Illinois, Missouri and Arkansas.The http://prx-herzing.lirn.net/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1672918801?accountid=167104 http://prx-herzing.lirn.net/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1672918801?accountid=167104 study will appear in the July issue of Energy Policy a peer-reviewed journal, and was conducted with no external or industry funding. The authors, Drew Haerer and Lincoln Pratson, cited three reasons for the rapid increase in natural gas, wind and solar jobs while coal jobs plunged. One was cost. Coal prices rose through 2014, they write, due to higher costs associated with more difficult to mine coal. At the same time, fracking and horizontal drilling technology caused natural gas prices to fall. Second, tighter federal regulations on pollutants from power plants have disproportionately hurt coal, which is much more polluting. And lastly, government incentives plus new private financing methods have made wind and solar power more affordable. States that have a renewable energy goal or standard, which West Virginia just repealed, generally saw better energy job growth, the study found. West Virginia, which gets 95 percent of its electricity from coal, has just five operational wind farms (just one in the southern part of the state) and virtually no solar power generating capacity. Its not very promising, unfortunately, at least in the near term, Pratson, a professor of earth science, said of energy jobs in West Virginia. I am always impressed at how rapidly the energy industry changes so Im hesitant to say what this bodes for even the near future for West Virginia, but if you just look at the situation as it stands now it doesnt look like the coal industry is going to undergo a rapid period of growth anytime soon. The largest job gains came in solar facilities in the Southwest; natural gas production in North Dakota, Pennsylvania and west Texas and wind power across the Midwest. As for the coalfields of central Appalachia, the authors are not predicting a renaissance. When, if ever, the job numbers will approach 2008 levels again, however, is unclear, they write. In the interim, counties that continue to rely inordinately on the coal industry for jobs may be in for a long period of lowered employment by the industry. Reach David Gutman at [email protected], 304-348-5119 or follow @davidlgutman on Twitter. Credit: David Gutman Staff writer DETAILS Publication title: The Charleston Gazette; Charleston, W.V. First page: A.1 Publication year: 2015 Publication date: Apr 13, 2015 Publisher: Charleston Newspapers Place of publication: Charleston, W.V. Country of publication: United States Publication subject: General Interest Periodicals--United States Source type: Newspapers Copyright  2017 ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. Terms and Conditions Contact ProQuest Language of publication: English Document type: News ProQuest document ID: 1672918801 Document URL: http://prx- herzing.lirn.net/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1672918801?accou ntid=167104 Copyright: Copyright Charleston Newspapers Apr 13, 2015 Last updated: 2015-04-14 Database: ProQuest Central https://search.proquest.com/info/termsAndConditions http://www.proquest.com/go/pqissupportcontact Coal job losses offset elsewhere