Fluent Essays

Prepare this assignment as a 1,500-1,750 word paper using the instructor feedback from the previous course assignments and the guidelines below. PICOT Question  Revise the PICOT question you wrote in the Topic 1 assignment using the feedback you received from your instructor. The final PICOT question will provide a framework for your capstone project (the project students must complete during their final course in the RN-BSN program of study). Research Critiques In the Topic 2 and Topic 3 assignments, you completed a qualitative and quantitative research critique on two articles for each type of study (4 articles total). Use the feedback you received from your instructor on these assignments to finalize the critical analysis of each study by making appropriate revisions. The completed analysis should connect to your identified practice problem of interest that is the basis for your PICOT question. Refer to Research Critiques and PICOT Guidelines - Final Draft. Questions under each heading should be addressed as a narrative in the structure of a formal paper. Proposed Evidence-Based Practice Change Discuss the link between the PICOT question, the research articles, and the nursing practice problem you identified. Include relevant details and supporting explanation and use that information to propose evidence-based practice changes. 1 RESEARCH CRITIQUE 6 ` RESEARCH CRITIQUE Research Critique Summary of the Two Articles Background Chiu et al. (2020) analyze the impact of methods that prevent the spread of infections through nasal drops to prevent respiratory infections. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of national strategies that the government had implemented in the spread of respiratory infections. The respiratory infections covered in this article are entero-virus and influenza. Increased infections are a burden to the nursing fraternity because the nursing care given to patients is reduced when the disease burden is higher. The research question in this study is: What is the impact of infection control measures instituted by different governments on the spread of pneumonia? Teslya et al. (2020) conducted a study to investigate the effects of self-imposed preventive mentions conjoined with government regulation in preventing COVID-19. The principal aim of this study was to examine and analyze how to prevent the pandemic. The significance of this study to nursing was to investigate if the hygienic and preventive measures would provide relief to nurses that have become overwhelmed by a surge in COVID-19 cases. This study wanted to answer: What is the effectiveness of self-preventive and government measures in preventing COVID-19 spread? How Do These Articles Support the Nurse Practice Issue You Choose? How Articles Answer the PICOT Question Chiu et al. (2020) answer the PICOT question posed if Tarrant County, Texas, will impact the implementation of the control measures in other counties. Chiu et al. (2020) support the PICOT question because the conclusion from this study was a general decrease in transmissibility of respiratory infections. Also, the aim of this study answers the PICOT question. Tesyla et al. (2020) support the PICOT question from the conclusion of the study. The study concluded that implementing strategies such as wearing masks and social distancing helped prevent COVID-19. How Interventions and Comparison Group Compare to Those in the PICOT Question Teslya et al. (2020) used a compartmentalized transmission model as an intervention to curb the spread of COVID-19. The compartmentalized model classified both individual and governmental measures as interventions that reduce the spread of COVID-19. The interventions compared attack rate and highest number of diagnoses. Chiu et al. (2020) used the Taiwan Taiwan National Infectious Disease Statistics System to investigate the interventions of wearing a mask, hand washing, and social distance on the spread of respiratory tract infections. The two articles answer the PICOT question posed because they show and support that various measures, if implemented, are crucial in preventing the spread of the virus. Methods Methods Used and the Difference Teslya et al. (2020) used the compartmental model. The compartmental model is used in the analysis of infectious diseases. The progression of the disease is gradual in individuals, and thus they are classified into particular groups and assigned unique letters. The natural progress of a condition may be assessed through this model. Chiu et al. (2020) used the Taiwan National Infectious Disease Statistics System to study the evolution of COVID-19 in weeks. This statistical model is important because it employs prevalence and incidence rates which are critical factors in spreading the virus. Limitation and Delimitation of the Methods Franco (2020) argues that the compartment model is advantageous because it gives the results of the various compartments at a glance, and a conclusion is withdrawn with the naked eye. A compartmental model is critical in comparison approaches. The delimitation is that different compartments have chances of developing bias because the progression of disease in individuals varies depending on immunological status and drug interventions. Thus, in some individuals, the condition is more likely to progress faster, and regrouping is needed in each compartment. The statistical model used by Chiue et al. (2020) has the advantage of using factors such as prevalence rate, incidence rate, attack rate, which are essential in tracing disease occurrences relative to time. The delimitation is that mathematical errors lead to a generalized impact on the final result (Silk et al., 2017). Results Key Findings The Teslya et al. (2020) results showed that 46 per 1,000 individuals would develop COVID-19 at an attack rate equivalent to 16\%. In the absence of preventive measures, the spread of COVID-19 rises to 20\%. Fast and efficient spread of awareness dropped the number of infections from 16\% to 12\%. The total efficacy of preventive measures was 50\%. Chiu et al. (2020) found a general decline in transmissibility from analysis in 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020. In 2020, the reported cases of COVID-19 was 41 in week 21 caused a surge of infections; however, with implementation strategies, actual infections dropped significantly to a regression analysis of 0.098. Implications The two studies are essential in nursing practice and education. The role of nursing education is vital in the prevention of the spread of COVID-19 and other respiratory tract infections. The major implication is the formation of state coalitions such as the California State Coalition that is at the forefront in educating people on the importance of preventing the spread of the virus (San Francisco, 2020). Thus, nursing practices such as hand washing, masks, and social distancing are significant in cubbing spread. Outcomes Comparison Anticipated Outcomes for the PICOT Question The anticipated outcome is that evidential analysis from the two studies is vital in preventing COVID-19 spread and other respiratory infections. The outcome is masks, hand washing; social distancing is essential in preventing the spread of the virus. Nursing education is also critical in molding the outcome of the disease. Outcomes of Articles in Comparison to Anticipated Outcomes Teslya et al. (2020) concluded that preventive measures help flatten the peak curve of COVID-19. Therefore the preventive measures are aligned to the PICOT question and its anticipated outcome. According to Chiu et al. (2020), the preventive strategies were widely accepted by the population and were considered effective in preventing the spread of the virus. Analysis of the articles reveals an alignment to the anticipated outcome. The expected outcome was a decrease in the spread of the virus and flattening of the COVID-19 curve. References Chiu, N. C., Chi, H., Tai, Y. L., Peng, C. C., Tseng, C. Y., Chen, C. C., ... & Lin, C. Y. (2020). Impact of wearing masks, hand hygiene, and social distancing on influenza, enterovirus, and all-cause pneumonia during the coronavirus pandemic: Retrospective national epidemiological surveillance study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(8), e21257. Franco, E. (2020). A feedback SIR (fSIR) model highlights advantages and limitations of infection-based social distancing. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.13216, 28. San Francisco, A. I. D. S. (2020). Coalition Effort for ‘Overdose Prevention Programs’ in California Announced. policy. Silk, M. J., Croft, D. P., Delahay, R. J., Hodgson, D. J., Weber, N., Boots, M., & McDonald, R. A. (2017). The application of statistical network models in disease research. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 8(9), 1026-1041. Teslya, A., Pham, T. M., Godijk, N. G., Kretzschmar, M. E., Bootsma, M. C., & Rozhnova, G. (2020). Impact of self-imposed prevention measures and short-term government-imposed social distancing on mitigating and delaying a COVID-19 epidemic: A modelling study. PLoS medicine, 17(7), e1003166. Literature Evaluation Table Summary of Clinical Issue The corona virus pandemic has killed many people and has led to an economic regression without any parallel in the past. The people living in the rural areas have been majorly been affected by this pandemic and are among the people who are at a very big risk yet there has not been enough information that portrays the danger of this pandemic to this vulnerable group of people. Like all the other viruses, the corona virus is an obligate parasite that cannot produce outside the host. The virus does not have bodies to grow, and thus it can only grow by hijacking the hosts body. The viruses, therefore, cause the infection by invading the cell of the body and then multiplying within the host. This virus has a short intracellular period before they infect the cells and a long intracellular period during replication. The virus can suppress the hosts immune response and thereby overcome or minimize the defense of the host. The CDC created a social distancing policy with guidelines to be implemented although the United States. This is meant to help in protecting people from contracting COVID-19. Corona Virus is a mild disease that most people will recover from. There are various measures that the government has put in place to put people safe from the disease and reduce the risk of infections. Apart from creating a safe environment, the policy is aimed at informing the public of the dangers that come along with this disease. PICOT Question: Will the spread of Covid-19 in Tarrant county, Texas reduce after the Implementation of Early preventive measures of social Distancing, mask-wearing, and Nursing education, compared to Neighboring counties with more cases where such actions were not implemented to reduce the spread of the virus over the next few months? Criteria Article 1 Article 2 Article 3 APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink “Teslya, A., Pham, T. M., Godijk, N. G., Kretzschmar, M. E., Bootsma, M. C., & Rozhnova, G. (2020). Impact of self-imposed prevention measures and short-term government-imposed social distancing on mitigating and delaying a COVID-19 epidemic: A modelling study. PLoS medicine, 17(7), e1003166. Impact of self-imposed prevention measures and short-term government-imposed social distancing on mitigating and delaying a COVID-19 epidemic: A modelling study (plos.org)” “Chiu, N. C., Chi, H., Tai, Y. L., Peng, C. C., Tseng, C. Y., Chen, C. C., ... & Lin, C. Y. (2020). Impact of wearing masks, hand hygiene, and social distancing on influenza, enterovirus, and all-cause pneumonia during the coronavirus pandemic: Retrospective national epidemiological surveillance study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(8), e21257. JMIR - Impact of Wearing Masks, Hand Hygiene, and Social Distancing on Influenza, Enterovirus, and All-Cause Pneumonia During the Coronavirus Pandemic: Retrospective National Epidemiological Surveillance Study | Chiu | Journal of Medical Internet Research” “Bundgaard, H., Bundgaard, J. S., Raaschou-Pedersen, D. E. T., von Buchwald, C., Todsen, T., Norsk, J. B., ... & Iversen, K. (2020). Effectiveness of adding a mask recommendation to other public health measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in Danish mask wearers: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. Effectiveness of Adding a Mask Recommendation to Other Public Health Measures to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Danish Mask Wearers: A Randomized Controlled Trial: Annals of Internal Medicine: Vol 0, No 0 (acpjournals.org)” How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question? This article directly supports the PICOT as it highlight measures that can help in reducing COVID 19 This study is very significant in supporting my PICOT since it shows the role that the various measures that have been put in place can help not only in reducing the spread of Covid 19 but also other respiratory disease. This article highlight some of the measures that can help in checking the spread of this Virus and therefore it is directly related to my PICOT question. Quantitative, Qualitative(How do you know?) This is a qualitative study because it uses non numerical data in analyzing the study results This is a qualitative study because it uses non numerical data in analyzing the study results This is a qualitative study Purpose Statement The study compared the effectiveness of the various prevention measures and their effects on fighting Covid This study was aimed at investigating the impact of the implemented infectious control strategies This study was aimed at assessing whether surgical mask recommendation use outside home decreases the risk of Covid 19 Research Question Do prevention measures imposed by the government and social distancing mitigate or delay covid 19. What is the impact of the infectious control strategies that that have been implemented during this pandemic. Does wearing surgical mask outside the home reduce the risk of the wearer for COVID 19? Outcome It was found that all the measures like hand washing, social distancing and mask wearing have an effect on the dynamics of COVID 19 It was found that the control measures that have been implemented have greatly played a big role in helping control the pandemic. most infections came from outside the home setting Setting (Where did the study take place?) Hospitals, long term care facilities and nursing homes. home setting Sample Sample not provided 3030 participants Method The researchers developed a deterministic compartment model to describe SARS-CoV-2. The patients were classified basing of their susceptibility and transmission observed The study used Taiwan National infectious Disease electronic database statistics. the authors then extracted COVID 19 incidences and all al- cause pneumonia and compared these incidences The participants were enrolled and data was registered using REDCap software. Patients who were eligible were assigned masks Key Findings of the Study The patients were classified basing of their susceptibility and transmission observed It was found that the control measures that have been implemented have greatly played a big role in helping control the pandemic. It was observed that most infections came from outside the home setting. Recommendations of the Researcher Using self imposed measures and government imposed measures will help this community to reduce the virus wearing of masks social distancing ad hand hygiene may help a lot in the prevention of covid 19 and also decrease the spread of other respiratory disease This was an indication that wearing mask outside the home setting was very important as it helped in checking the spread of the virus Criteria Article 4 Article 5 Article 6 APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink “Li, T., Liu, Y., Li, M., Qian, X., & Dai, S. Y. (2020). Mask or no mask for COVID-19: A public health and market study. PloS one, 15(8), e0237691. Mask or no mask for COVID-19: A public health and market study (plos.org)” “Gray, D. J., Kurscheid, J., Mationg, M. L., Williams, G. M., Gordon, C., Kelly, M., ... & McManus, D. P. (2020). Health-education to prevent COVID-19 in schoolchildren: a call to action. Infectious diseases of poverty, 9(1), 1-3. Health-education to prevent COVID-19 in schoolchildren: a call to action | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text (biomedcentral.com)” “Hornik, R., Kikut, A., Jesch, E., Woko, C., Siegel, L., & Kim, K. (2021). Association of COVID-19 misinformation with face mask wearing and social distancing in a nationally representative US sample. Health communication, 36(1), 6-14. Full article: Association of COVID-19 Misinformation with Face Mask Wearing and Social Distancing in a Nationally Representative US Sample (tandfonline.com)” How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question? This article has a direct support in my project since it elaborates the ways that mask wearing as a protective measure can help in mitigating the spread of the Virus. This article is very significant in supporting my PICCOT sine it illustrates the significance o education on trying to decrease the spread of this virus in the society. This study is crucial in supporting my PICCOT question since it illustrates the significance of offering education to the people regarding the significance of these measures to help fight the pandemic Quantitative, Qualitative(How do you know?) This is a simulated qualitative study This is a qualitative research since it does not use numerical data in the result analysis This is qualitative research that uses non numerical statistics Purpose Statement This study was aimed at assessing whether the use of face masks is capable of delaying an influenza pandemic. This study was aimed at assessing whether the TV programs such as cartoons can help in passing covid 19 prevention messages among the children The study was aimed at assessing how misinformation on face mask wearing and social distancing affected the adherence of people to the measures put in place Research Question What is the likely effect of the mask utilization in public spaces to combat COVID 19 pandemic Does positive health messages and television programs help in reinforcing positive influence on hand washing procedures and social distancing What is the association of misinformation of wearing face mask and social distancing in U.S and adherence Outcome The research found out that wearing mask since the masks had a considerable promise of containing the pandemic. This study illustrated that cartoon concepts allows the children to identify with characters and this reinforces the need of good hygiene The study found out that Social distance was observed outside but it was not adhered at homes. There was however an increase in observance of these measures Setting (Where did the study take place?) Closed settings (household and aircraft) Home environment. Home environment in the united states Sample sample not given Sample not given 1074 adults Method The study used equation in predicting the basic reproduction number. B is the risk of transmission per contact and k the contact rate ad d the duration of infectivity The intervention was trying to inform children on the transmission of disease. This was done by using cartoon concepts An online survey was conducted where the participants were asked various questions regarding Covid 19 behaviors such as social distancing and faces mask wearing. Key Findings of the Study The key findings illustrated that there was a great significance of wearing masks since the masks had a considerable promise of containing the pandemic. It was found that these cartoon concepts allows the children to identify with characters and they can be able to visualize intestinal parasitic worms and their eggs in people and the environment. this reinforces the need of good hygiene It was found that the wearing of face masks varied depending on the behavior. Social distance was observed outside but it was not adhered at homes. There was however an increase in observance of these measures Recommendations of the Researcher Face masks is one of the most important measures that can play a significant role in cutting the spread of the virus. However, the masks should be properly worn for efficacy. Education is very significant in helping curb the spread of Covid 19. This should be done even to the children so that they are aware of the dangers and how to keep themselves safe It is important that more education on these measures is done. This study illustrate that although there is an increase in adherence of these measures, there is still a great importance of educating people on why this should also be done in our homes © 2019. Grand CanyonUniversity. All Rights Reserved. 2 Rubic_Print_Format Course Code Class Code Assignment Title Total Points NRS-433V NRS-433V-OL191 Rough Draft Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations 190.0 Criteria Percentage 1: Unsatisfactory (0.00\%) 2: Less Than Satisfactory (75.00\%) 3: Satisfactory (83.00\%) 4: Good (94.00\%) : Excellent (100.00\%) Comments Points Earned Content 75.0\% Quantitative Studies 5.0\% Only one article is presented. Neither of the articles presented use quantitative research. Two articles are presented. Of the articles presented, only one article is based on quantitative research. N/A N/A Two articles are presented. Both articles are based on quantitative research. 9.50/9.50 Background of Study 10.0\% Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is incomplete. Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is included but lacks relevant details and explanation. Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is partially complete and includes some relevant details and explanation. Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is complete and includes relevant details and explanation. Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is thorough with substantial relevant details and extensive explanation. 19.00/19.00 Article Support of Nursing Practice 15.0\% Discussion on how articles support the PICOT question is incomplete. A summary of how articles support the PICOT question is presented. It is unclear how the articles can be used to answer the proposed PICOT question. Significant information and detail is required. A general discussion on how articles support the PICOT question is presented. The articles demonstrate general support in answering the proposed PICOT question. It is unclear how the interventions and comparison groups in the articles compare to those identified in the PICOT question. Some rational or information is needed. A discussion on how articles support the PICOT question is presented. The articles demonstrate support in answering the proposed PICOT question. The interventions and comparison groups in the articles compare to those identified in the PICOT question. Minor detail or rational is needed for clarity or support. A clear discussion on how articles support the PICOT question is presented. The articles demonstrate strong support in answering the proposed PICOT question. The interventions and comparison groups in the articles strongly compare to those identified in the PICOT question. Missing presentation of PICOT question 23.66/28.50 Method of Study 15.0\% Discussion on the method of study for each article is omitted. The comparison of study methods is omitted or incomplete. A partial summary of the method of study for each article is presented. The comparison of study methods is incomplete. A benefit and a limitation of each method are omitted or incomplete. There are significant inaccuracies. A general discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. The comparison of study methods is summarized. A benefit and a limitation of each method are summarized. There some inaccuracies or partial omissions. More information is needed. A discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. The comparison of study methods is generally described. A benefit and a limitation of each method are presented. There minor are inaccuracies. Some detail is required for accuracy or clarity. A thorough discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. The comparison of study methods is described in detail. A benefit and a limitation of each method are presented. The discussion demonstrates a solid understanding of research methods. 28.50/28.50 Results of Study 15.0\% Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is incomplete. A summary of the study results includes findings and implications for nursing practice but lacks relevant details and explanation. There are some omissions or inaccuracies. Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is generally presented. Overall, the discussion includes some relevant details and explanation. Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is complete and includes relevant details and explanation. Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is thorough with substantial relevant details and extensive explanation. 28.50/28.50 Anticipated Outcomes and Outcomes Comparison 15.0\% Anticipated outcomes for the PICOT are omitted or are unrealistic. Comparison of research article outcomes to anticipated outcomes is incomplete. Anticipated outcomes for the PICOT are partially summarized. Comparison of research article outcomes to anticipated outcomes contains omissions of key information. It is unclear how the anticipated outcomes of the PICOT and those of the current research mentioned compare. Anticipated outcomes for the PICOT are summarized. Comparison of research article outcomes to anticipated outcomes is generally presented. More information is needed to fully establish how the anticipated outcomes of the PICOT and those of the current research mentioned compare. Anticipated outcomes for the PICOT are discussed. A comparison of research article outcomes to anticipated outcomes of the PICOT is presented. An explanation of how the anticipated outcomes of the PICOT and those of the current research mentioned compare is presented. Some detail is needed for clarity. Anticipated outcomes for the PICOT are thoroughly discussed. A detailed comparison of research article outcomes to the anticipated outcomes of the PICOT is presented. An explanation of how the anticipated outcomes of the PICOT and those of the current research mentioned compare is presented in detail. 28.50/28.50 Organization and Effectiveness 15.0\% Thesis Development and Purpose 5.0\% Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim. Thesis is insufficiently developed or vague. Purpose is not clear. Thesis is apparent and appropriate to purpose. Thesis is clear and forecasts the development of the paper. Thesis is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose. Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear. must include thesis 0.00/9.50 Argument Logic and Construction 5.0\% Statement of purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The conclusion does not support the claim made. Argument is incoherent and uses noncredible sources. Sufficient justification of claims is lacking. Argument lacks consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the logic. Some sources have questionable credibility. Argument is orderly, but may have a few inconsistencies. The argument presents minimal justification of claims. Argument logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources used are credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the thesis. Argument shows logical progressions. Techniques of argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are authoritative. Argument is clear and convincing and presents a persuasive claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are authoritative. 9.50/9.50 Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) 5.0\% Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used. Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, or word choice are present. Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used. Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used. Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English. 9.50/9.50 Format 10.0\% Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment) 5.0\% Template is not used appropriately or documentation format is rarely followed correctly. Template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent. Template is used, and formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present. Template is fully used; There are virtually no errors in formatting style. All format elements are correct. missing thesis 7.88/9.50 Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style) 5.0\% Sources are not documented. Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors. Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present. Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct. Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error. 9.50/9.50 Total Weightage 100\% 174.04/190.0 Rubic_Print_Format Course Code Class Code Assignment Title Total Points NRS-433V NRS-433V-OL191 Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations 190.0 Criteria Percentage 1: Unsatisfactory (0.00\%) 2: Less Than Satisfactory (75.00\%) 3: Satisfactory (83.00\%) 4: Good (94.00\%) 5: Excellent (100.00\%) Comments Points Earned Content 75.0\% Qualitative Studies 5.0\% Only one article is presented. Neither of the articles presented use qualitative research. Two articles are presented. Of the articles presented, only one article is based on qualitative research. N/A N/A Two articles are presented. Both articles are based on qualitative research. 9.50/9.50 Background of Study 10.0\% Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is incomplete. Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is included but lacks relevant details and explanation. Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is partially complete and includes some relevant details and explanation. Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is complete and includes relevant details and explanation. Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is thorough with substantial relevant details and extensive explanation. 19.00/19.00 Article Support of Nursing Practice Issue 15.0\% Discussion on how articles support the PICOT question is incomplete. A summary of how articles support the PICOT question is presented. It is unclear how the articles can be used to answer the proposed PICOT question. Significant information and detail are required. A general discussion on how articles support the PICOT question is presented. The articles demonstrate general support in answering the proposed PICOT question. It is unclear how the interventions and comparison groups in the articles compare to those identified in the PICOT question. Some rational or information is needed. A discussion on how articles support the PICOT question is presented. The articles demonstrate support in answering the proposed PICOT question. The interventions and comparison groups in the articles compare to those identified in the PICOT question. Minor detail or rational is needed for clarity or support. A clear discussion on how articles support the PICOT question is presented. The articles demonstrate strong support in answering the proposed PICOT question. The interventions and comparison groups in the articles strongly compare to those identified in the PICOT question. 28.50/28.50 Method of Study 15.0\% Discussion on the method of study for each article is omitted. The comparison of study methods is omitted or incomplete. A partial summary of the method of study for each article is presented. The comparison of study methods is incomplete. A benefit and a limitation of each method are omitted or incomplete. There are significant inaccuracies. A general discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. The comparison of study methods is summarized. A benefit and a limitation of each method are summarized. There some inaccuracies or partial omissions. More information is needed. A discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. The comparison of study methods is generally described. A benefit and a limitation of each method are presented. There minor are inaccuracies. Some detail is required for accuracy or clarity. A thorough discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. The comparison of study methods is described in detail. A benefit and a limitation of each method are presented. The discussion demonstrates a solid understanding of research methods. 28.50/28.50 Results of Study 15.0\% Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is incomplete. A summary of the study results includes findings and implications for nursing practice but lacks relevant details and explanation. There are some omissions or inaccuracies. Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is generally presented. Overall, the discussion includes some relevant details and explanation. Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is complete and includes relevant details and explanation. Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is thorough with substantial relevant details and extensive explanation. 28.50/28.50 Ethical Considerations 15.0\% Discussion of ethical considerations when conducting nursing research is incomplete. A discussion on ethical considerations of the two articles presented in the essay is incomplete. Discussion of ethical considerations when conducting nursing research is included but lacks relevant details and explanation. A discussion on ethical considerations of the two articles used in the essay is summarized but there are significant inaccuracies or omissions. Discussion of ethical considerations when conducting nursing research is partially complete and includes some relevant details and explanation. A discussion on ethical considerations of the two articles used in the essay is discussed but there are some inaccuracies, or some information is needed. Discussion of ethical considerations when conducting nursing research is complete and includes relevant details and explanation. A discussion on ethical considerations of the two articles used in the essay is presented; some detail in needed for accuracy or clarity. Discussion of ethical considerations associated with the conduct of nursing research is thorough with substantial relevant details and extensive explanation. A detailed discussion on ethical considerations of the two articles used in the essay is presented. 28.50/28.50 Organization and Effectiveness 15.0\% Thesis Development and Purpose 5.0\% Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim. Thesis is insufficiently developed or vague. Purpose is not clear. Thesis is apparent and appropriate to purpose. Thesis is clear and forecasts the development of the paper. Thesis is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose. Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear. 9.50/9.50 Argument Logic and Construction 5.0\% Statement of purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The conclusion does not support the claim made. Argument is incoherent and uses noncredible sources. Sufficient justification of claims is lacking. Argument lacks consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the logic. Some sources have questionable credibility. Argument is orderly, but may have a few inconsistencies. The argument presents minimal justification of claims. Argument logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources used are credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the thesis. Argument shows logical progressions. Techniques of argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are authoritative. Argument is clear and convincing and presents a persuasive claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are authoritative. 9.50/9.50 Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) 5.0\% Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used. Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, or word choice are present. Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used. Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used. Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English. 9.50/9.50 Format 10.0\% Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment) 5.0\% Template is not used appropriately or documentation format is rarely followed correctly. Template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent. Template is used, and formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present. Template is fully used; There are virtually no errors in formatting style. All format elements are correct. 9.50/9.50 Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style) 5.0\% Sources are not documented. Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors. Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present. Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct. Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error. 7.12/9.50 Total Weightage 100\% 187.62/190.0 Rubic_Print_Format Course Code Class Code Assignment Title Total Points NRS-433V NRS-433V-OL191 PICOT Question and Literature Search 120.0 Criteria Percentage 1: Unsatisfactory (0.00\%) 2: Less Than Satisfactory (75.00\%) 3: Satisfactory (83.00\%) 4: Good (94.00\%) 5: Excellent (100.00\%) Comments Points Earned Content 80.0\% Summary of Clinical Issue 5.0\% A clinical issue is omitted or is not relevant to nursing practice. A clinical issue is partially presented. It is unclear how the clinical issue relates to nursing practice. Significant aspects are missing, or there are inaccuracies. A clinical issue is summarized. The issue generally relates to nursing practice. A clinical issue is presented. The issue relates to nursing practice. Minor detail is needed for clarity. A clinical issue is thoroughly described. The issue relates to nursing practice. 6.00/6.00 PICOT Question 10.0\% A PICOT question is not included. A PICOT question is provided but is incomplete. The PICOT question format is used incorrectly. A PICOT question is provided. The PICOT question format is generally applied. Some information or revision is needed. A PICOT question is provided. The PICOT question format is applied accurately. Some detail is need for support or clarity. A PICOT question is clearly presented. The PICOT question format is applied accurately and presents an answerable and researchable question. 12.00/12.00 APA-Formatted Article Citations With Permalinks 5.0\% Article citations and permalinks are omitted. Article citations and permalinks are presented. There are significant errors in the APA format. One or more links do not lead to the intended article. Article citations and permalinks are presented. Article citations are presented in APA format, but there are errors. Article citations and permalinks are presented. Article citations are presented in APA format. There are minor errors. Article citations and permalinks are presented. Article citations are accurately presented in APA format. 6.00/6.00 Relationship of Articles to the PICOT Question 10.0\% Three or more articles do not relate to the PICOT question. At least two articles do not relate to the PICOT question. The remaining articles provide a small degree of support for the PICOT question. Different articles are needed to provide better support for the PICOT question. At least one articles does not relate to the PICOT question. The remaining articles provide general support for the PICOT question. One or two different articles are needed to provide better support for the PICOT question. Each article relates to the PICOT question. The articles provide support for the PICOT question. Each article clearly relates to the PICOT question. The articles provide strong support for the PICOT question. 12.00/12.00 Quantitative and Qualitative Articles 10.0\% Fewer than six research articles are presented. Four or more articles do not meet the assignment criteria for a quantitative, qualitative, Six research articles are presented. Three articles do not meet the assignment criteria for a quantitative, qualitative Six research articles are presented. Two articles do not meet the assignment criteria for a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed study. Some ability to identify the type of research design used in a study is demonstrated. Six research articles are presented. One article does not meet the assignment criteria for a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed study. A general ability to identify the type of research design used in a study is demonstrated. Six research articles are presented. Each article meets the assignment criteria for a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed study. An ability to identify the different types of research design used in a study is consistently demonstrated. 12.00/12.00 Purpose Statements 5.0\% Purpose statements are omitted or are incomplete overall. Purpose statements are referenced but are incomplete in some areas. Purpose statements are presented. There are minor omissions in some areas, or major inaccuracies. Purpose statements summarized. There are some minor inaccuracies in some. Purpose statements are accurate and clearly summarized. 6.00/6.00 Research Questions 5.0\% Research questions are omitted or are incomplete overall. Research question is presented for each article. The research question has been misidentified or misinterpreted for at least two of the articles. Additional information is needed to fully illustrate the research question for several of the articles. Research questions are presented. The research question has been misidentified or misinterpreted for one of the articles. Some detail is needed to fully illustrate the research question for one or two articles. Research questions are presented. Minor detail is needed for clarity in some areas. Research questions are accurate and capture the fundamental question posed by the researchers in each study. 6.00/6.00 Outcome 5.0\% Research outcomes are omitted or are incomplete overall. Research outcome is presented for each article. The research outcome has been misidentified or misinterpreted for at least two of the articles. Additional information is needed to fully illustrate the research outcomes for several of the articles. Research outcomes are presented. The research outcome has been misidentified or misinterpreted for one of the articles. Some detail is needed to fully illustrate the research outcomes for one or two articles. Research outcomes are presented. Minor detail is needed for clarity in some areas. Research outcomes are accurate and described in detail for each article. 6.00/6.00 Setting 5.0\% The setting is omitted for one or more of the articles. The setting described for three or more articles is inaccurate or incomplete. The setting is indicated for each article. The setting described for two of the articles is inaccurate or incomplete. The setting is indicated for each article. The setting described for one article is inaccurate or incomplete. The setting is indicated for each article. Some detail is needed to fully illustrate the physical, social, or cultural site in which the researcher conducted the study. The setting in which the researcher conducted the study is detailed and accurate for each article. missing for #2 0.00/6.00 Sample 5.0\% The sample is omitted for one or more of the articles. The sample described for three or more articles is inaccurate or incomplete. The sample is indicated for each article. The sample described for at least two of the articles is inaccurate or incomplete. The sample is indicated for each article. The sample described for one article is inaccurate or incomplete. The sample is indicated for each article. Minor detail is needed for accuracy. The sample is indicated and accurate for each article. missing for #2 4 and 5 0.00/6.00 Method 5.0\% Method of study for one or more articles is omitted. Overall, the methods of study are incomplete. The method of study is partially presented for each article. Key information is consistently omitted. Overall, the methods reported contain inaccuracies. The method of study for each article is presented. Some key aspects are missing for one or two articles, or there are some inaccuracies for the methods reported. A discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. A thorough discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. review the method types for quantitative studies and qualitative. 4.50/6.00 Key Findings of the Study 5.0\% Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is incomplete. A summary of the study results includes findings and implications for nursing practice but lacks relevant details and explanation. There are some omissions or inaccuracies. Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is generally presented for each article. Overall, the discussion includes some relevant details and explanation. Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is complete and includes relevant details and explanation. Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is thorough with relevant details and extensive explanation. 6.00/6.00 Recommendations of the Researcher 5.0\% Researcher recommendations are omitted for one or more of the articles. The recommendations described for three or more articles are inaccurate or incomplete. Researcher recommendations are indicated for each article. The researcher recommendations described for two of the articles are inaccurate or incomplete. Researcher recommendations for each article are presented. Researcher recommendations described for one article are inaccurate or incomplete. Researcher recommendations for each article are accurately presented. Minor detail is needed for accuracy. Researcher recommendations accurate are thoroughly described for each article. 6.00/6.00 Organization and Effectiveness 10.0\% Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) 10.0\% Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used. Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, or word choice are present. Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used. Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used. Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English. 12.00/12.00 Format 10.0\% Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style) 10.0\% Sources are not documented. Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors. Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present. Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct. Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error. 12.00/12.00 Total Weightage 100\% 106.50/120.0 Literature Evaluation Table Summary of Clinical Issue The corona virus pandemic has killed many people and has led to an economic regression without any parallel in the past. The people living in the rural areas have been majorly been affected by this pandemic and are among the people who are at a very big risk yet there has not been enough information that portrays the danger of this pandemic to this vulnerable group of people. Like all the other viruses, the corona virus is an obligate parasite that cannot produce outside the host. The virus does not have bodies to grow, and thus it can only grow by hijacking the hosts body. The viruses, therefore, cause the infection by invading the cell of the body and then multiplying within the host. This virus has a short intracellular period before they infect the cells and a long intracellular period during replication. The virus can suppress the hosts immune response and thereby overcome or minimize the defense of the host. The CDC created a social distancing policy with guidelines to be implemented although the United States. This is meant to help in protecting people from contracting COVID-19. Corona Virus is a mild disease that most people will recover from. There are various measures that the government has put in place to put people safe from the disease and reduce the risk of infections. Apart from creating a safe environment, the policy is aimed at informing the public of the dangers that come along with this disease. PICOT Question: Will the spread of Covid-19 in Tarrant county, Texas reduce after the Implementation of Early preventive measures of social Distancing, mask-wearing, and Nursing education, compared to Neighboring counties with more cases where such actions were not implemented to reduce the spread of the virus over the next few months? Criteria Article 1 Article 2 Article 3 APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink “Teslya, A., Pham, T. M., Godijk, N. G., Kretzschmar, M. E., Bootsma, M. C., & Rozhnova, G. (2020). Impact of self-imposed prevention measures and short-term government-imposed social distancing on mitigating and delaying a COVID-19 epidemic: A modelling study. PLoS medicine, 17(7), e1003166. Impact of self-imposed prevention measures and short-term government-imposed social distancing on mitigating and delaying a COVID-19 epidemic: A modelling study (plos.org)” “Chiu, N. C., Chi, H., Tai, Y. L., Peng, C. C., Tseng, C. Y., Chen, C. C., ... & Lin, C. Y. (2020). Impact of wearing masks, hand hygiene, and social distancing on influenza, enterovirus, and all-cause pneumonia during the coronavirus pandemic: Retrospective national epidemiological surveillance study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(8), e21257. JMIR - Impact of Wearing Masks, Hand Hygiene, and Social Distancing on Influenza, Enterovirus, and All-Cause Pneumonia During the Coronavirus Pandemic: Retrospective National Epidemiological Surveillance Study | Chiu | Journal of Medical Internet Research” “Bundgaard, H., Bundgaard, J. S., Raaschou-Pedersen, D. E. T., von Buchwald, C., Todsen, T., Norsk, J. B., ... & Iversen, K. (2020). Effectiveness of adding a mask recommendation to other public health measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in Danish mask wearers: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. Effectiveness of Adding a Mask Recommendation to Other Public Health Measures to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Danish Mask Wearers: A Randomized Controlled Trial: Annals of Internal Medicine: Vol 0, No 0 (acpjournals.org)” How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question? This article directly supports the PICOT as it highlight measures that can help in reducing COVID 19 This study is very significant in supporting my PICOT since it shows the role that the various measures that have been put in place can help not only in reducing the spread of Covid 19 but also other respiratory disease. This article highlight some of the measures that can help in checking the spread of this Virus and therefore it is directly related to my PICOT question. Quantitative, Qualitative(How do you know?) This is a qualitative study because it uses non numerical data in analyzing the study results This is a qualitative study because it uses non numerical data in analyzing the study results This is a qualitative study Purpose Statement The study compared the effectiveness of the various prevention measures and their effects on fighting Covid This study was aimed at investigating the impact of the implemented infectious control strategies This study was aimed at assessing whether surgical mask recommendation use outside home decreases the risk of Covid 19 Research Question Do prevention measures imposed by the government and social distancing mitigate or delay covid 19. What is the impact of the infectious control strategies that that have been implemented during this pandemic. Does wearing surgical mask outside the home reduce the risk of the wearer for COVID 19? Outcome It was found that all the measures like hand washing, social distancing and mask wearing have an effect on the dynamics of COVID 19 It was found that the control measures that have been implemented have greatly played a big role in helping control the pandemic. most infections came from outside the home setting Setting (Where did the study take place?) Hospitals, long term care facilities and nursing homes. home setting Sample Sample not provided 3030 participants Method The researchers developed a deterministic compartment model to describe SARS-CoV-2. The patients were classified basing of their susceptibility and transmission observed The study used Taiwan National infectious Disease electronic database statistics. the authors then extracted COVID 19 incidences and all al- cause pneumonia and compared these incidences The participants were enrolled and data was registered using REDCap software. Patients who were eligible were assigned masks Key Findings of the Study The patients were classified basing of their susceptibility and transmission observed It was found that the control measures that have been implemented have greatly played a big role in helping control the pandemic. It was observed that most infections came from outside the home setting. Recommendations of the Researcher Using self imposed measures and government imposed measures will help this community to reduce the virus wearing of masks social distancing ad hand hygiene may help a lot in the prevention of covid 19 and also decrease the spread of other respiratory disease This was an indication that wearing mask outside the home setting was very important as it helped in checking the spread of the virus Criteria Article 4 Article 5 Article 6 APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink “Li, T., Liu, Y., Li, M., Qian, X., & Dai, S. Y. (2020). Mask or no mask for COVID-19: A public health and market study. PloS one, 15(8), e0237691. Mask or no mask for COVID-19: A public health and market study (plos.org)” “Gray, D. J., Kurscheid, J., Mationg, M. L., Williams, G. M., Gordon, C., Kelly, M., ... & McManus, D. P. (2020). Health-education to prevent COVID-19 in schoolchildren: a call to action. Infectious diseases of poverty, 9(1), 1-3. Health-education to prevent COVID-19 in schoolchildren: a call to action | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text (biomedcentral.com)” “Hornik, R., Kikut, A., Jesch, E., Woko, C., Siegel, L., & Kim, K. (2021). Association of COVID-19 misinformation with face mask wearing and social distancing in a nationally representative US sample. Health communication, 36(1), 6-14. Full article: Association of COVID-19 Misinformation with Face Mask Wearing and Social Distancing in a Nationally Representative US Sample (tandfonline.com)” How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question? This article has a direct support in my project since it elaborates the ways that mask wearing as a protective measure can help in mitigating the spread of the Virus. This article is very significant in supporting my PICCOT sine it illustrates the significance o education on trying to decrease the spread of this virus in the society. This study is crucial in supporting my PICCOT question since it illustrates the significance of offering education to the people regarding the significance of these measures to help fight the pandemic Quantitative, Qualitative(How do you know?) This is a simulated qualitative study This is a qualitative research since it does not use numerical data in the result analysis This is qualitative research that uses non numerical statistics Purpose Statement This study was aimed at assessing whether the use of face masks is capable of delaying an influenza pandemic. This study was aimed at assessing whether the TV programs such as cartoons can help in passing covid 19 prevention messages among the children The study was aimed at assessing how misinformation on face mask wearing and social distancing affected the adherence of people to the measures put in place Research Question What is the likely effect of the mask utilization in public spaces to combat COVID 19 pandemic Does positive health messages and television programs help in reinforcing positive influence on hand washing procedures and social distancing What is the association of misinformation of wearing face mask and social distancing in U.S and adherence Outcome The research found out that wearing mask since the masks had a considerable promise of containing the pandemic. This study illustrated that cartoon concepts allows the children to identify with characters and this reinforces the need of good hygiene The study found out that Social distance was observed outside but it was not adhered at homes. There was however an increase in observance of these measures Setting (Where did the study take place?) Closed settings (household and aircraft) Home environment. Home environment in the united states Sample sample not given Sample not given 1074 adults Method The study used equation in predicting the basic reproduction number. B is the risk of transmission per contact and k the contact rate ad d the duration of infectivity The intervention was trying to inform children on the transmission of disease. This was done by using cartoon concepts An online survey was conducted where the participants were asked various questions regarding Covid 19 behaviors such as social distancing and faces mask wearing. Key Findings of the Study The key findings illustrated that there was a great significance of wearing masks since the masks had a considerable promise of containing the pandemic. It was found that these cartoon concepts allows the children to identify with characters and they can be able to visualize intestinal parasitic worms and their eggs in people and the environment. this reinforces the need of good hygiene It was found that the wearing of face masks varied depending on the behavior. Social distance was observed outside but it was not adhered at homes. There was however an increase in observance of these measures Recommendations of the Researcher Face masks is one of the most important measures that can play a significant role in cutting the spread of the virus. However, the masks should be properly worn for efficacy. Education is very significant in helping curb the spread of Covid 19. This should be done even to the children so that they are aware of the dangers and how to keep themselves safe It is important that more education on these measures is done. This study illustrate that although there is an increase in adherence of these measures, there is still a great importance of educating people on why this should also be done in our homes © 2019. Grand CanyonUniversity. All Rights Reserved. 2 1 CRITICAL APPRAISAL 7 CRITICAL APPRAISAL CRITICAL APPRAISAL Introduction The articles to be analyzed are Powel et al. (2005) and Camps-Font et al. (2015) about nursing interventions to prevent dental surgical infections. Background of the Studies Powell et al. (2005) Powell et al. (2005) conducted a study to investigate the nursing interventions that would benefit patients who had undergone a dental procedure. The significance of this problem was to investigate how nursing would be beneficial in the management of surgical procedures. The major purpose was to identify the disease burden of surgical site infections and its impact on financial resources. The research question posed was, “What are the nursing interventions to prevent surgical site infections in postoperative patients?” Camps-Font et al. (2015) The major of Camps-Font et al. (2015) was to conduct a qualitative study on the prevalence and nursing interventions needed to treat and reduce post-surgical infections in dental implant patients. The significance of this study was based on the implication that the mouth is a source of may normal flora that would gain access into the bloodstream following an invasive dental transplant procedure. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, clinical features, and interventions for postoperative infections found in the procedures. However, for this paper, we will only look at the treatment interventions. How Articles Support Nursing Practice Population In both the studies, the population selected were the patients that had undergone surgical intervention. The patients were subjected to a nursing intervention that included treatment and followed to investigate the prevalence of them developing an infection and if the intervention helped prevent the infection. Intervention The intervention used included putting one group of patients under antibiotic cover and another not on any form of antibiotic cover and following them up. After the surgical procedure, the nurse would administer antibiotics in one group while another group was not subjected to antibiotic intervention. Comparison In the Camps-Font et al. (2015), 1273 patients were placed under intervention and studied, while the Powell et al. (2005) totaling 1,053 patients that had undergone surgical intervention were observed retrospectively. Outcomes The outcome reported from Camps-Font et al. (2015) was an 8.2\% infection rate from the sample population collected. The Powell et al. (2005) showed an increase in infection rates at 2.05\%, with 22 patients being reported from the sample of 1,053 patients Time According to Ellis, Lin, and Tartar (2018), the wound healing process takes approximately five to six months. Nine months is the approximate period for the wound to gain its original tensile strength. This study used an average of 10 months because of longer time healing in complicated infections. The time taken for both of the studies was different to investigate the interventions. The Camps-Font et al. (2015) used a mean of 42.9 months which translated to a standard deviation of 10.9 months. Powel et al. (2005) used timing of 10 months to compare interventions vested on the patients. Methods of Study Camps-Font et al. (2005) used cohort study, and Powel et al. (2005) used the retrospective study design. In cohort studies, the patients are followed up to see if they develop the desired outcome. The retrospective study entails conducting a study after the desired outcome has occurred, i.e., looking back. Cohort Study Benefit and Limitation The major benefit of cohort studies is the deferment of an expected outcome, and the potential causes of harm are investigated before they occur. The limitation posed by cohort studies is it requires a large sample size because of sampling errors and to observe the desired outcome effectively. Retrospective Benefit and Limitation The retrospective design is easy because the desired outcome has already occurred, and this is good for diseases with longer periods of latency, such as more than six months. The major limitation is there are high chances of loss of follow-up of the patient, which causes difficulties in conducting the study effectively. Results of the Study Powell et al. (2005) demonstrated an increase in infection rates at 2.09\% from the total sample of 1,053 patients. The 2.09\% translated to 22 patients that developed the infections despite any form of nursing intervention. The antibiotic intervention showed a reduction in infection; from a sample of 281 that received antibiotics by the nurse, only eight developed infections, compared to 14 patients that developed infections and were not on any form of antibiotics, i.e., 14 in 772. Camps-Font et al. (2015) showed that treatment interventions improved patient outcomes. Twenty-two patients from a total of 1,273 recorded infections. 6.5\% of the patients recorded an increase in infection rates, while 1.7\% were associated with implant infection despite the administration of amoxicillin and Clavulanate. Implications in Nursing The above two analyses indicate that nursing intervention by administration of antibiotics postsurgically improves patient outcomes and recovery. The major implication is that nurses should administer prophylactic antibiotics to reduce infection postsurgically. Ethical Considerations Two considerations Reijers et al. (2018) argue that Informed consent forms a key part of any form of research. Without consent, the research is deemed illegal and without the authority of the respondent. Informed consent provided the respondent the ability to self-awareness of the situation they’re getting into and the risk factors. In minors, the parent or guardian may give consent after the research has explained the implications and benefits accrued. Ethical approval is important in research because it builds legal grounds and prevents litigation. Ethical approval involves getting a permit to conduct a study. An ethically approved research is more likely to become acceptable by other researchers. Ethical Considerations in My Two Research The Camps-Font et al. (2005) was conducted in Spain and was ethically approved by the Ethical Committee for Research in Barcelona. The Dental Hospital of Barcelona is also an approved member of the Ethics Committee. Powell et al. (the Review and Ethics Committee support 2005 to conduct research. References Camps-Font, O., Figueiredo, R., Valmaseda-Castellón, E., & Gay-Escoda, C. (2015). Postoperative infections after dental implant placement: prevalence, clinical features, and treatment. Implant dentistry, 24(6), 713-719. Ellis, S., Lin, E. J., & Tartar, D. (2018). Immunology of wound healing. Current dermatology reports, 7(4), 350-358. Powell, C. A., Mealey, B. L., Deas, D. E., McDonnell, H. T., & Moritz, A. J. (2005). Post‐surgical infections: prevalence associated with various periodontal surgical procedures. Journal of periodontology, 76(3), 329-333. Reijers, W., Wright, D., Brey, P., Weber, K., Rodrigues, R., O’Sullivan, D., & Gordijn, B. (2018). Methods for practicing ethics in research and innovation: A literature review, critical analysis, and recommendations. Science and engineering ethics, 24(5), 1437-1481. Research Critiques and PICOT Question Guidelines – Final Draft Use this document to organize the content from your four studies into your final draft. Quantitative and Quantitative Studies Nursing Practice Problem and PICOT Question 1. What is your identified nursing practice problem? 2. List your PICOT question, following one of the templated formats reviewed in the course. Background 1. Summary of studies. Include problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research question. How do these four articles support the nurse practice issue you chose? 1. Discuss how these articles will be used to answer your PICOT question. 2. Describe how the interventions and comparison groups in the articles compare to those identified in your PICOT question. Method of Study: 1. State the methods of the articles you are comparing and describe how they are different. 2. Consider the methods you identified in your chosen articles and state one benefit and one limitation of each method. Results of Study 1. Summarize the key findings of each of the studies into a comprehensive summary. 2. What are the implications of the four studies you chose in nursing practice? Ethical Considerations 1. Discuss two ethical consideration in conducting research. 2. Describe how the researchers in the four articles you choose took these ethical considerations into account while performing their research. Outcomes Comparison 1. What are the anticipated outcomes for your PICOT question? 2. How do the outcomes of the four articles you chose compare to your anticipated outcomes? Proposed Evidence-Based Practice Change 1. What is the link between the PICOT question, the research articles, and the nursing practice problem you identified? 2. Based on this information, propose an evidence-based practice change for your identified setting. © 2021. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved. 2