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Assignment: Prospectus Form: Nature of the Study, Significance and Updating the Supporting Literature This week, you will complete the Nature of Study section of the Prospectus Form. For the Nature of Study section, you will explain the systematic approach (research design) you will use to address your research question(s) along with identifying any barriers, challenges, or limitations you may encounter with your study. To Prepare for this Assignment: · Consider the research design that would best address your research question(s). Examples of study design include: · Quantitative—for experimental, quasi-experimental, or nonexperimental designs; treatment-control; repeated measures; causal-comparative; single-subject; predictive studies; or other quantitative approaches. · Consider the type of data you will need and the potential secondary data sources that could be used to address your research question(s) · Possible secondary data sources, by program, are available on the Center for Research Quality website. · Consider the specific data points that you will need to answer your research question(s) · Consider the implications of your research on the field Complete the Nature of the Study and Significance Sections of the Prospectus Form. As you work through these sections, use the following information to guide you: 1. Explain the systematic approach (research design) you will use to address your research question(s) and identify barriers, challenges, or limitations that you might encounter within your plan. 2. For your planned research design, present the type of data you will need as well as a list of possible secondary data sources that could be used to address the proposed research question (s). At this point, you should have an idea of the type of data needed to address your research question(s). Identify the data source and how the data will be accessed. 3. Provide the specific data points that you will need to answer your research question(s). Data points are the specific variables or type of information that you will use in your analysis. For example, items on a survey or types of interview questions (not the actual survey or interview questions). When using secondary data, you must ensure the data include the dependent and independent variables or data points that you need to address your research question. You will also complete the limitations/challenges/barriers component of this section. 4. The significance section of the Prospectus Form will also need to be completed. Students should make sure to highlight how healthcare administrators can use the research to make changes in their organizations with the goal of creating positive social change. 5. Update the Supporting Literature section with sources that support the selected methodology, design, and secondary dataset. Discussion Submit your updated Prospectus Form with the Nature of the Study (p7) and Significance sections completed (p8). Make sure to update the Supporting Literature (p5) section with sources that support the Nature of the Study. DHA Prospectus Form Students | Complete your doctoral prospectus within this form. Write your responses in the white spaces using a scholarly tone and include in-text citations and APA reference entries where appropriate. You can click on underlined terms and headings for descriptions, resource links, and examples located in the Appendix. For additional prospectus information and resources, refer to the Doctoral Research Coach. Complete the Research Design Alignment Table within this form using the information from earlier sections and self-assess your research design alignment. Submit this completed form into MyDR for formal evaluation and feedback when your committee chair indicates that you are ready to do so. Student’s Name | Student ID | Program and Specialization* | Submission Date | *Remember that your study focus must be within the realm of your program and specialization area. Evaluators Only | Complete this section and provide feedback on responses and rubric scores in the form where noted. Committee Chairperson Name: Click or tap here to enter text. Overall Assessment: Choose score. Second Committee Member Name: Click or tap here to enter text. Overall Assessment: Choose score. PhD Program Director: Click or tap here to enter text. Overall Assessment: Choose score. Title In 12 words or less, what is the working title for this study? Include the topic, variables and relationship between them, and the most critical key words. Healthcare Products Pricing and the Impact of Medicare Supporting Literature The first step in developing your prospectus is to search the literature related to the general area related to healthcare administration you want to investigate (see social problem below). In your review of recent, empirical literature, what keywords did you search and in what databases? The keywords and databases searched included Healthcare costs, healthcare prices in the US, Healthcare costs for chronic diseases in the US. Search Log Database Search Terms Results Notes Google Scholar Healthcare costs 2,700,000 The search results were too many. Needs narrowing of search terms Google Scholar Healthcare prices in the US 307,000 Research results were too many Google scholar Healthcare costs for chronic diseases 1,220,000 Research results were too many. Need to narrow search terms Provide at maximum of 10 brief summaries of recent, scholarly (peer-reviewed) articles and empirical literature. The summaries should include: a) 3 – 5 brief summaries within the last 5 years that justify a current and relevant problem in your discipline or professional field; b) article(s) that support your theoretical/conceptual framework; c) article that supports your Nature of the Study section; d) additional articles that support that your problem is current and relevant to your discipline or professional field for a total of 10 brief summaries. Include the complete, APA reference entry and (a) an in-text citation; (b) what was studied; (c) what was found; and (d) why this research is important in relation to your study. This evidence provides the justification for your research problem. HSO Justification Literature (minimum of 3 sources within last 5 years justifying an HSO operational, administrative or management problem) Benavidez, G. & Frakt, A. (2019). Price Transparency in Health Care Has Been Disappointing, but It Doesn’t Have to Be. JAMA 322(13):1243–1244. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.14603 a) a)Benavidez & Frakt (2019); b) the authors explained that the problems of pricing healthcare activities are critical since it creates issues when attempting to implement cost-sharing. c) it was discovered that experienced healthcare providers are required to handle their healthcare activities and the ability to create reliable outcomes for all patients. There have been issues in the healthcare industry when the prices do not get explained to clients. d) This is factual because inadequate quality care is not entirely connected to the cost of healthcare. The authors explained that generating information about the quality of healthcare and the impact on the services performed by healthcare providers are intertwined actions that must get addressed to improve the quality of healthcare. Existent rewards programs are imperative in ensuring all healthcare improvement activities receive reliable methods of handling all patient procedures. The authors explained that the existence of rewards programs was a critical activity that healthcare providers were involved with to handle patient improvements. Nursing clinics can use the knowledge for maximum healthcare improvement. Branning, G. & Vater. M. (2016). “Healthcare Spending: Plenty of Blame to Go Around.” American health & drug benefits vol. 9,8: 445-447. Retrieved 2 July 2021 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5394555/.   a) Branning & Vater (2016); b) the authors explained that the American population spent trillions for healthcare improvement. c) this is factual since the value improvement technique of healthcare environments involved cash payments to ensure all resources get provided for the patients. d) Use of insurance like Medicaid and Medicare were also involved in handling the health improvement of a nursing clinic Crowley, R., Daniel, H., Gooney, T. G., & Engel, L. S. (2020). Envisioning a Better U.S. Health Care System for All: Coverage and Cost of Care. Supplement: Vision for the U.S. Health Care. https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-2415 a) Crowley et al. (2020); b) the authors explained that the cost of healthcare is constantly increasing due to the technical needs of healthcare systems. It is common to encounter situations when the health systems do not have a proper payment system; c) The research discovered that the process of ensuring the healthcare system gets provided with proper costs is critical and requires the involvement of persons with experience and capability of promoting healthcare improvements; d) all in all, there are diverse social determinants of healthcare that must get addressed to handle cost allocation. Persons experienced in the healthcare environment would be more capable of allowing cost management and improvement for all healthcare departments. The authors explained that healthcare systems are developed using current knowledge that promotes the reliability of health insurance activities. It is easy to solve long-term cost-management requirements that can provide the healthcare environment with high-quality patient improvement. HSO Problem Supporting Sources (social problem, significance, or variables beyond justified HSO problem) Borges dos Santos, M.A., dos Santos Dias, L.L., Santos Pinto, C.D.B. et al. (2019). Factors influencing pharmaceutical pricing - a scoping review of academic literature in health science. J of Pharm Policy and Pract 12, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-019-0183-0 a) Borges dos Santos et al. (2019); b) the authors stated that pricing procedures in healthcare environments required consideration of the value that such pharmaceutical products would improve; c) access of knowledge of health care environments is imperative in handling all concepts of studying patients; d) nursing clinics can provide patients with better health and high-quality medicine. Garcia, S. P., Haddix, A., & Barnett, K. (2018). Incremental Health Care Costs Associated With Food Insecurity and Chronic Conditions Among Older Adults. Preventing chronic disease, 15, E108. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd15.180058   a)Garcia et al. (2018); b) the authors explained that expensive healthcare is detrimental to healthcare since it affects persons with chronic conditions; c) the study identified that the process of providing chronically ill patients with their required resources is critical and must get performed in high quality while ensuring health departments promote complete treatment; d) nursing clinics can act to ensure a proper connection with health management measures. Framework Literature (minimum of 1 source that aligns with the research variables) Naberhuis, J.K., Hunt, V.N., Bell, J.D., Partridge, J.S., Goates, S., & Nuijten, M.J.C. (2017). Health care costs matter a review of nutrition economics – is there a role for nutritional support to reduce the cost of medical health care?. Nutrition and Dietary Supplements. 9:55-62  https://doi.org/10.2147/NDS.S126232   a) Naberhuis et al. (2017); b) the authors examined the connection between costs of healthcare and the ability to improve on the nutrition of all patients; c) the outcome was that the procedures applied in the economy are critical since it ensures the entire health environment gets provided with interventions known to promote better health environments; d) nursing clinics can thus provide affordable health management in this way. . Nature of Study Literature Methods and Analysis (minimum of 1 source for the methodology and type of analysis) Replace this text with your summaries. Nature of Study Literature Dataset (minimum of 1 source for the dataset) Replace this text with your summaries. Rubric Standard | Justified > Is evidence presented that this problem is significant to the discipline and/or professional field? Problem What was the social problem and the healthcare administration problem that prompted you to search the literature to find out more? Write in complete sentences using a scholarly tone. The situation or issue that prompted me to search the literature is The situation or issue that prompted me to search the literature is the social issue of increasing costs of treating chronic cancer and diabetes. Such issues have been progressing due to an increase in financial requirements and the increase in handling health improvements for such problems. The majority of persons affected are dependents and patients’ relatives. Based on all of the above justification and supporting information (literature, social problem, healthcare administration problem), in one sentence, what is your operational/ research problem ? The specific research problem that will be addressed through this study is The specific research problem that will be addressed through this study increase in mortality rates when persons in the healthcare environment do not affect the treatment procedure. Now that you have read and summarized some of the recent literature, what meaningful gap in the literature that aligns with your HSO research problem your study will address? (What is still not known?) Although researchers have investigated this issue, there is very little or no literature on the ability to prevent avoidable deaths entirely using an affordable treatment process. Rubric Standard | Meaningful > Has a meaningful problem and gap in the research literature been identified? Rubric Standard | Original > Does this doctoral study have potential to make an original contribution? Purpose To address your stated research problem, what is the purpose of your study? Will you compare, explore, examine, etc.? Complete the purpose sentence below and be sure to clarify your dependent and independent variables of interest. The purpose of this quantitative study is to improve knowledge on how transforming prices of medical operations can improve overall healthcare impact. The method applied to study the topic is by comparing different peer-reviewed articles containing information concerning medicine pricing and how it affects patient outcomes. The dependent variable in this study is patient outcomes and ability to access hospital care, while the independent variable is the pricing of medication and hospital procedures . Framework (Conceptual or Theoretical) What theory(ies) and/or concept(s) support (frame) your study and who are the original authors? Provide an in-text citation with your response, and the complete APA reference entry with summary in the Supporting Literature section. The theories and/or concepts that ground this study include social cognitive theory and health belief model that have an impact on the ability to influence patients and healthcare providers to realize the importance of all medical procedures. Smith, Y., Garcia-Torres, R., Coughlin, S. S., Ling, J., Marin, T., Su, S., & Young, L. (2020). Effectiveness of Social Cognitive Theory-Based Interventions for Glycemic Control in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JMIR research protocols, 9(9), e17148. https://doi.org/10.2196/17148. Smith et al. (2020) stated that the social cognitive theory effectively offers self-management and the patients capability to adhere to treatment. The study analyzed how patients can understand their physical needs and collaborate with medical improvement measures. Knowing treatment processes is the best option to handle health improvement. Social cognitive theory ensures patients accept diverse treatment prices and procedures to increase their quality of life. Masoudiyekta, L., Rezaei-Bayatiyani, H., Dashtbozorgi, B., Gheibizadeh, M., Malehi, A. S., & Moradi, M. (2018). Effect of Education Based on Health Belief Model on the Behavior of Breast Cancer Screening in Women. Asia-Pacific journal of oncology nursing, 5(1), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.4103/apjon.apjon_36_17 Masoudiyekta et al. (2018) stated that the health belief model offers effective management of behaviors of different persons once they are directed to engage in treatment measures. It is possible to use behavioral adaptations to handle diverse activities in healthcare environments. A health belief model and healthcare pricing connection are evident since decision-makers in healthcare industries can assess patients to determine suitable treatment and affordability. How do these theories and/or concepts relate to your research problem, purpose, and the nature of your study? The logical connections between the framework presented and the nature of my study include an effective explanation of the impact of high medical prices on the ability to improve healthcare. Rubric Standard | Grounded > Is the problem framed to enable the researcher to either build upon or counter the previously published findings on the topic? Research Question(s) and Hypotheses List the question(s) that you plan to use to address the research problem. Your questions must align with your study purpose and include the dependent and independent variables and how they will be examined. The following research questions shall offer comprehensive method of analyzing the topics. The dependent variable for research question 1 is limited treatment for patients that cannot afford healthcare. The first independent variable is receiving substandard healthcare and taking inappropriate medication. The second independent variable is increase in number of deaths per year due to lack of affordability of required medical procedures. The dependent variable for research question 2 in this study is patient outcomes and ability to access hospital care while there are two independent variables. The independent variables are impact of healthcare pricing requirements by healthcare organizations and the daily healthcare procedures applied by hospital managers for the improvement of their patients’ conditions. Improvement of health outcomes for patients is a critical procedure that requires involvement of different people all conversant with the procedures. Since Medicare is the main hospital service in the USA that offers care, it is the duty of all healthcare providers to instruct their patients to register for Medicare to avoid issues of healthcare pricing and high expenses required for improved care. Assessment of healthcare organizations and the impact they have on patients is a profound activity that involves persons with different levels of experience. It is possible to connect with different knowledge improvement areas for the full benefit of patients. Healthcare prices affect full treatment of patients due to the need to eliminate the external physical requirements that patients need. Medicare involves its trustees to determine types of illnesses covered and duration of time patients spend at hospitals (Conover, 2018). Improvement of accuracy during medical procedures is a critical process that requires understanding of the pricing procedure and the capability of remaining objective during health managements sessions. RQ 1 – What is impact of high cost of healthcare for patients that require health improvement at all times? H₀1- There is no impact of high cost of healthcare on patients’ treatment. H₀2- There is a connection between high healthcare costs and patients’ treatment requirements. RQ 2- What is the connection between healthcare organizations that allow patients to afford medical care insurance and the ability of patients to afford the premiums? H₀1- There is no impact of healthcare insurance and patients’ capability of affording premiums. H₀1- There is an impact of healthcare insurance on patients’ ability to afford premiums. Nature of the Study What systematic approach (methodology and research design) do you plan to use to address your research question(s)? To address the research questions in this Choose approach/method study, the specific research design will include Replace this text with your response. Reference entry for the work on which this research design is based: Replace this text with your response. What is the possible secondary data source(s)? For my planned research design, I will need Replace this text with your response. What specific data points from these sources do you plan to use to answer your research question(s)? Replace this text with your response. What limitations, challenges, and/or barriers might you need to address while conducting this study (e.g., access to participants, access to data, requirements for storing data, separation of roles or other ethical considerations, instrumentation fees, etc.)? Replace this text with your response. Rubric Standard | Feasible > Can a systematic method of inquiry be used to address the problem; and does the approach have the potential to address the problem while considering potential risks and burdens placed on research participants? Significance How will your study address the meaningful, discipline-specific issue that you identified and therefore contribute to your field, discipline, professional practice, etc. contributing to positive social change? This study is significant in that Replace this text with your response. Rubric Standard | Impact > Does this doctoral study have potential to affect positive social change? Rubric Standard | Objective > Is the topic approached in an objective manner? Partner Site Masking Self-Check Walden capstones typically mask the identity of the partner organization. The methodological and ethical reasons for this practice as well as criteria for exceptions are outlined here (link to posted guidance). ☐ Check here to confirm that you will mask the identity of the organization in the final capstone that you publish in ProQuest. ☐ If you perceive that your partner organization’s identity would be impossible to mask or if there is a strong rationale for naming the organization in your capstone, please check this box so that your Program Director can review your request for an exception. If granted, that exception must be confirmed by the IRB during the ethics review process. The IRB will also ensure that your consent form(s) and/or site agreement(s) permit naming the organization. Research Design Alignment Table | Using an alignment table can assist with ensuring the alignment of your research design. Research Design Alignment Table Video Tutorial (YouTube) | Doctoral Research Design Alignment Appointments or Office Hours Note . At prospectus stage, not all items in the table below can be identified (e.g., data points, data analysis). Please complete the items that you have identified in this prospectus form. During proposal development, you will revisit this form to adjust, as needed, and finalize your research design. Research Problem, Purpose, and Framework Provide one sentence for each. These must align with all rows. Research Question(s), Method, & Design List one or more RQs, as needed; select method; identify design. Use a separate form for additional RQs. Data Collection Tools & Data Sources List the instrument(s) and people, artifacts, or records that will provide the data for each RQ. Data Points List the variables, specific interview questions, scales, etc. that will be used for each RQ. Data Analysis Briefly describe the statistical or qualitative analysis that will address each RQ. Problem: Replace text with response. Purpose: Replace text with response. Framework: Replace text with response. RQ1: Replace text with response. Method: Quantitative Design: Replace text with response. Replace text with response. Replace text with response. Replace text with response. RQ2: Replace text with response. Method: Quantitative Design: Replace text with response. Replace text with response. Replace text with response. Replace text with response. RQ3: Replace text with response. Method: Quantitative Design: Replace text with response. Replace text with response. Replace text with response. Replace text with response. Note. The information in the first column must align with all rows, and each individual RQ row must show alignment across the columns for that row. Once your Research Design Alignment Table is completed, reflect on your design alignment. Ask yourself: 1. Is there a logical progression from the research problem to the purpose of the study? 2. Does the identified framework ground the investigation into the stated problem? 3. Do the problem, purpose, and framework in the left-hand column align with the RQ(s) (all rows)? 4. Does each RQ address the problem and align with the purpose of the study? 5. Does the information across each individual row match/align with the RQ listed for that row? 5. By row, will the variables listed address the RQ? 5. By row, will the analysis address the RQ? 5. By row, can the analysis be completed with the data points that will be collected? Rubric Standard | Aligned > Do the various aspects of the prospectus align overall? Appendix The Doctoral Prospectus The Doctoral Prospectus is a brief document that provides preliminary information about your doctoral research and is used in two ways: 1. It serves as the tentative plan for developing the proposal and is evaluated to ensure doctoral-level work (e.g., feasibility, alignment, etc.). 1. It provides information used to assign the committee University Research Reviewer. Prospectus approval from the committee chair, second committee member, and a program-level designee is required for you to move forward and work on your proposal. The plan is subject to change, and parts of your research design may need to be adjusted after you complete your exhaustive review of the literature during proposal development. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Title Example The Relationship Between Nurse Leader Self Efficacy, Burnout, and Intent to Leave ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Supporting Literature Probably the most important step in the research process is searching recent, peer-reviewed literature and reading articles related to the general area you want to investigate. The area is based on an identified social problem. As you read and learn, you will narrow your focus. This is how you will identify a discipline-specific research problem. [Note: Scholarly, empirical articles and how to find them.] First, you’ll need to determine your search terms or keywords and the databases you should search. As you conduct your search of the literature, stay organized by keeping a search log. Example for this Form The keywords and databases searched included hospital nurse leader retention , nurse leader intent to leave employment, nursing burnout, nursing stress and nursing turnover in the databases MedLine, PubMed, and NIH. Search Log Example Database Search Terms Results Notes As you read and evaluate literature, you also need to organize your research. A literature review matrix is one way to help you visualize what has and hasnt been done in your field. It will help you understand the scholarly works related to your area of interest. The importance of organizing and recording your review of literature cannot be overstated. You will refer to your notes as you write, so start on the right track from the beginning! [Suggestion: If you keep your search log in an Excel workbook, use the second tab in the same workbook for your literature review matrix.] For this prospectus form, include the complete, APA reference entry and (a) an in-text citation; (b) what they studied; (c) what they found; and (d) why this is important in relation to your study. This evidence provides the justification for your research problem. These sources provide justification that this problem is meaningful to the discipline or professional field. The background literature must include the following: 1. 3-5 credible sources within the last 5 years that all talk about the same professional practice problem 1. Reference entries related to the framework 1. Reference entry related to the Nature of the Study. 1. Additional reference entries that support and justifying the research problem. [Note: During proposal development, you will conduct an exhaustive review and synthesize your sources, rather than summarize.] Supporting Literature Examples Justification Literature William, C. & Looker, H. (2020). The influence of frontline manager job stress on burnout, commitment, and turnover intention: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49, 1800-1833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.09.006 (a) William and Looker (2020); (b) studied the relationship between nurse manager job strain, burnout, lower organizational commitment, and higher turnover intention; (c) they found that nurse leaders have a high turnover, job strain and burnout; (d) this in important in relation to my study because establishes direct relationship between an operational problem and conditions influencing the problem. Heido, S., Bron, P., Frazer, K., & Wing, C., (2019). Factors influencing nurse leader’s intent to stay or leave employment: a quantitative analysis. Journal of Nursing Management, 23, 105-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/ 12252 (a) Heido et. al, 2019; (b) studied the prevalence of nurse leaders intending to leave their jobs; (c) they found that up to 40\% of nurse leaders will leave their jobs in the next two years as a result of burnout and work dissatisfaction; (d) this is important in relation to my study because it supports the currency and significance of the operational problem. Adral, J., Link, A., & Bog, T. (2018). Predictors of occupational stress, health and well-being in nurse managers: A cross-sectional survey study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 12, 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/ ijnurstu.2017.05 (a) Adral et al., (2018); (b) studied predictors of occupational stress with nurse leaders; (c) they found that nurse leaders are making the difficult decision to leave their jobs while reporting increasing levels of burnout due to increasing occupational stressors; (d) this is important in relation to my study because it provides justification of the operational problem and future magnitude of the problem. Wing, C. & Lasky, H. (2019). The influence and impact of frontline manager job strain on burnout, commitment, and turnover intention: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 18, 1500-1533. https://doi.org/10.985/j.ijnurstu.2015.09.006 (a) Wing & Lasky (2019); (b) studied the causes and influences nurse leader burnout and commitment; (c) they found that job strain and stress had a direct relationship to nurse leaders commitment to employment and intent to leave employment; (d) this is important in relation to my study because it provides justification that an operational problem exist with job stress, burnout and intent to leave employment for nurse leaders. Supporting Literature Teal, Y., Zack, S., Gate, X. Andrew, Z., Wang, S., Link, H., Lang, Y., Goatz, L., Lutz, L. & Donalds, Z. (2020). General self-efficacy modifies the effect of stress on burnout in nurses with different personality types. BMC Health Services Research, 81, 367-385. doi: 10.1186/s12913-018 (a) Teal et al., (2020); (b) studied self-efficacy as one type of self-influence that moderates burnout in professionals who serve others; (c) they found that increasing self-efficacy may serve as a protector against burnout or a way to heal from existing burnout; (d) this is important in relation to understanding the connection between protecting and healing from burnout that results with intent to leave employment. Figueroa, C., Harrison, R., Chauhan, A., & Meyer, L. (2019). Priorities and challenges for health leadership and workforce management globally: a rapid review. BMC Health Services Research, 1, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4080-7 (a) Figueroa et al. (2019); (b) studied challenges healthcare leaders are facing with workforce management; (c) they found that health care executives are challenged with sustaining a health services leadership workforce that provides safe, accessible, high quality, people-centered care across the health care services continuum; (d) this is important in relation to my study because it supports the social health problem facing healthcare administrators. McFitz, G., Jackvilee, D., Vickson, M., & Williams, L. (2019). Surviving workplace adversity: a qualitative study of nurses and midwives and their strategies to increase personal resilience. Journal of Nursing Management, 24, 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12293 (a) McFitz et al. (2019); (b) studied how strategies used by nurses and midwives to increase personal residence to workplace stress; (c) they found that nursing professionals can survive workplace adversity using their own internal self-motivation, self-organization, and involvement in support networks; (d) this is important in relation to my study because it support the positive impact intrinsic motivation, organization and support network may have mitigating the negative effects of burnout. Framework Literature Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company. (a) Bandura (1997); (b) studied the ability a person to regulate one’s own level of motivation and behavior; (c) he found that individuals who could regulate one’s own motivation and behavior were defined by their destiny whereby and not external environment that might cause them to fail due to stress; (d) this is important in relation to my study because it establishes a framework that connects the conditions surrounding employment burnout and to possible intent to leave employment. Nature of Study Literature Frankfort-Nachmias, C., Leon-Guerrero, A., & Davis, G. (2020). Social statistics for a diverse society (9th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. (a) Frankfort-Nachmias, Leon-Guerrero & Davis (2020); (b) published textbook on quantitative linear regression research design; (c) found how a Pearson correlation can help to understand the magnitude or impact of one variable on another; (d) this is important in relation to determining a statistical significance between the dependent and independent variable in the study. AONL (2019). American Organization of Nursing Leadership. Database for nursing employment, job satisfaction, self-efficacy and retention. Retrieved from https://www.aonl.org (a) AONL (2019); (b) the AONL houses secondary data on nurse leaders; (c) will provide access to secondary data collected from nursing managers using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-HSS) and Leader Efficacy Questionnaire (LEQ); (d) it is important in relation to my study because it will provide data points for the dependent and independent variable to be analyzed. Rubric Standard | Justified > Is evidence presented that this problem is significant to the discipline and/or professional field? …………………………………………………… Problem Social Problem Social Problem Example The issue that prompted me to search the literature is that hospital executives are challenged with sustaining a health services leadership workforce that provides safe, accessible, high quality, people-centered care across the health care services continuum. Research Problem Research Problem Example In one sentence, the specific research problem is that hospitals are struggling to retain nurse leaders as a result of increasing levels with nursing burnout due to increasing occupational stressors. Gap The need to address an identified gap in the research literature must be clear and there must be current relevance to the discipline and area of practice. Keep in mind that a gap in the research is not, in and of itself, a reason to conduct research. The gap relates to the rubric standard: Meaningful. Research Gap Example Although researchers have investigated this issue, there is very little or no literature on the role self-efficacy plays with the nurse leader burnout, employment stressors and intent to leave employment. . Rubric Standard | Meaningful > Has a meaningful problem and gap in the research literature been identified? Rubric Standard | Original > Does this doctoral study have potential to make an original contribution? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Purpose To address your stated research problem, what is the purpose of your study? Will you describe, compare, explore, examine, etc.? Be sure to clarify your variables/concepts of interest. For example: In quantitative studies, state what needs be studied by describing two or more factors (variables) and a conjectured relationship among them related to the identified gap or problem. Purpose Example The purpose of this quantitative study is to examine if there is an association between self-efficacy of nurse leaders and self-reported burnout, occupational stress and intent to leave. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Framework The framework includes the theories and/or concepts relevant to your topic. Align the framework with the problem, purpose, research questions, and background of your study. This theoretical or conceptual framework is the basis for understanding, designing, and analyzing ways to investigate your research problem (data collection and analysis). Provide the original scholarly literature (citing original authors) on the theory and/or concepts, even if it is more than 5 years old. Please do not cite secondary sources. Example Theoretical Framework The theories and/or concepts that ground this study include Bandura’s (1997) theory of self-efficacy, focusing specifically on one’s perception of how well one can achieve something that appears beyond their reach. Next, explain how these theories and/or concepts relate to your research problem, purpose, and the nature of your study. Your topic/approach should align with the identified framework so that you will either build upon or counter the previously published findings on the topic. Example Connection for the Conceptual Framework The logical connections between the framework presented and my study approach include Bandura’s (1997) theoretical work which shows that an individual can influence their own self-efficacy. Further, subsequent research application of Bandura’s theory offers guidance that increasing self-efficacy may serve as a protector against burnout (Teal et al., 2020). Rubric Standard | Grounded > Is the problem framed to enable the researcher to either build upon or counter the previously published findings on the topic? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Research Question(s) and Hypotheses List the overarching question and/or a series of related questions that are informed by the study purpose, that will be used to address the research problem. A research question informs the research design by providing a foundation for the generation of null and alternative hypotheses in quantitative studies. Research Questions Example RQ1 – Is there a correlation between higher self-efficacy scores for nurse leaders and lower scores for burnout, occupational stress and intent to leave? H₀1 - There is no statistically significant correlation between higher self-efficacy scores for nurse leaders and lower scores for burnout, occupational stress and intent to leave. Ha1 - There is a statistically significant correlation between higher self-efficacy scores for nurse leaders and lower scores for burnout, occupational stress and intent to leave. RQ 2 – Are self-efficacy scores for nurse leaders associated with scores for burnout, occupational stress and intent to leave, after controlling for age, gender, and race / ethnicity? H₀1 - There is no statistically significant association between self-efficacy scores for nurse leaders and self-reported scores for burnout, occupational stress and intent to leave, after controlling for age, gender, and race / ethnicity. Ha1 - There is a statistically significant association between self-efficacy scores for nurse leaders and self-reported scores for burnout, occupational stress and intent to leave, after controlling for age, gender, and race / ethnicity. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Nature of the Study Explain the systematic approach (research design) you plan to use to address your research question(s). Examples of study design are as follows: Quantitative—for experimental, quasiexperimental, or nonexperimental designs; treatment-control; repeated measures; causal-comparative; single-subject; predictive studies; or other quantitative approaches Research Design Example To address the research questions in this quantitative study, the approach I plan to use will include a Pearson Correlation that will be used for RQ1 to understand the correlation between the independent variable and each of the dependent variables (Frankfort-Nachmias, Leon-Guerrero, & Davis, 2020). To address the second research question in this quantitative study, a multivariate multiple regression analysis will be used (Frankfort-Nachmias, Leon-Guerrero, & Davis, 2020). Reference entry for the work on which this approach is based: Frankfort-Nachmias, C., Leon-Guerrero, A., & Davis, G. (2020). Social statistics for a diverse society (9th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Then, for your planned research design, present the type of data you will need, and a list of possible secondary data sources that could be used to address the proposed research question (s). At this point, you should have an idea of the type of data needed to address your research question(s). Identify the data source and how the data will be accessed. Possible secondary data sources, by program, are available on the Center for Research Quality website. [Note. This is your tentative plan, so keep in mind that things might need to be modified during the proposal stage—particularly after you have completed your exhaustive review of the literature.] Data Source Example For my planned research design, I will need to request access to the American Organization for Nursing database where the secondary data exist for the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) and Leader Efficacy Questionnaire (LEQ). Next, provide the specific data points that you plan to use to answer your research question(s). Data points are the specific variables or type of information that you will use in your analysis. For example, items on a survey or types of interview questions (not the actual survey or interview questions). When using secondary data, you must ensure the data include the dependent and independent variables or data points that you need to address your research question. Example The MBI-HSS will provide data points for nursing leader burnout, occupational stress and intent to leave and LEQ will provide data for nursing leader self-efficacy ratings. Finally, provide information on limitations, challenges, and/or barriers that may need to be addressed when conducting this study. These may include access to participants, access to data, separation of roles (researcher versus employee), instrumentation fees, etc. If you are thinking about collecting data on a sensitive topic or from a vulnerable population, an early consultation with the Institutional Review Board (IRB; [email protected]) during your prospectus process is recommended to gain ethics guidance that you can incorporate into your subsequent proposal drafts and research planning. [Note. Find more information on research ethics and potential “red flag” issues on the IRB Guides and FAQs.] Example Limitations include participant responses may vary from one organization to another that is not captured in the existing dataset. Also, the statistical analyses include multiple variables from two different scales. Both challenges can be overcome; however, the researcher must take time to work through the challenges when conducting the study. The researcher has consulted with an instructional specialist from Walden’s Center for Research Quality (CRQ) and will continue to work with committee mentors and CRQ tutors during the doctoral study process. Rubric Standard | Feasible > Can a systematic method of inquiry be used to address the problem; and does the approach have the potential to address the problem while considering potential risks and burdens placed on research participants? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Significance Here you explain how your study addresses the meaningful, discipline-specific issue that you identified and will therefore contribute to your field, discipline, professional practice, etc. contributing to positive social change. Detail how your findings might support professional practice or allow practical application (answer the So what? question). Example This study is significant in that it will add to the growing body of knowledge on self-efficacy, burnout, occupational stress and turnover of nurse leaders. Depending on the results, healthcare leaders can implement strategies to support the development of self-efficacy in nurse leaders or encourage healthcare leaders to look at variables or strategies to reduce burnout and turnover for nurse leaders. Providing nurse leaders with the skill to develop higher levels of self-efficacy may reduce turnover while stabilizing the patient care environment, creating social change. Rubric Standard | Impact > Does this doctoral study have potential to affect positive social change? Rubric Standard | Objective > Is the topic approached in an objective manner? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Research Design Alignment Table | Using an alignment table can assist with ensuring the alignment of your research design. Research Design Alignment Table Video Tutorial (YouTube) | Doctoral Research Design Alignment Appointments or Office Hours Note . At prospectus stage, not all items in the table below can be identified (e.g., data points, data analysis). Please complete the items that you have identified in this prospectus form. During proposal development, you will revisit this form to adjust, as needed, and finalize your research design. Research Problem, Purpose, and Framework Provide one sentence for each. These must align with all rows. Research Question(s), Method, & Design List one or more RQs, as needed; select method; identify design. Use a separate form for additional RQs. Data Collection Tools & Data Sources List the instrument(s) and people, artifacts, or records that will provide the data for each RQ. Data Points List the variables, specific interview questions, scales, etc. that will be used for each RQ. Data Analysis Briefly describe the statistical or qualitative analysis that will address each RQ. Problem: The specific research problem that will be addressed through this study is that hospitals are struggling to retain nurse leaders as a result of increasing levels with nursing burnout due to increasing occupational stressors. Purpose: The purpose of this quantitative study is to examine the relationship amongst the dependent variable of nurse leader employment retention and the independent variables of nurse leader burnout, occupational stress and self-efficacy. Framework: The theories and/or concepts that ground this study include Bandura’s (1997) theory of self-efficacy, focusing specifically on one’s perception of how well one can achieve something that appears beyond their reach. RQ1 – Is there a correlation between higher self-efficacy scores for nurse leaders and lower scores for burnout, occupational stress and intent to leave? Method: Quantitative Design: Correlational The American Organization for Nursing database where the secondary data exist for the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) and Leader Efficacy Questionnaire (LEQ). -Self-efficacy ratings -Nurse leader burnout rate -Occupational stress -Intent to leave Pearson’s Correlation RQ2 - Are self-efficacy scores for nurse leaders associated with scores for burnout, occupational stress and intent to leave, after controlling for age, gender, and race / ethnicity? Method: Quantitative Design: Correlational The American Organization for Nursing database where the secondary data exist for the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) and Leader Efficacy Questionnaire (LEQ). -Self-efficacy ratings, -Nurse leader burnout rate -Occupational stress -Intent to leave -Age, gender and race Multivariate regression RQ3: Replace text with response. Method: Quantitative Design: Replace text with response. Replace text with response. Replace text with response. Replace text with response. Note. The information in the first column must align with all rows, and each individual RQ row must show alignment across the columns for that row. My Doctoral Research (MyDR) If you have not done so already, you should familiarize yourself with the My DR system. The MyDR system was designed to assist you and your committee in navigating your doctoral research journey, from the very beginning through the final approval. The various landing pages in MyDR will track your progress and will serve as a central location for resources to support that progress. There is a process flow tool in which you exchange and store faculty evaluations of and feedback on your work as you progress along that journey. You will be entered into the MyDR system when both your committee chair and second member nominees are approved by the academic program. At that point, you will be able to access MyDR from the homepage of your dissertation completion course in Blackboard. The first document that you will submit for approval in MyDR will be your prospectus.