Fluent Essays

Review Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, within Chapter 15 of our text. According to our text, what are the five levels of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs? Now in your own words, list in order the needs that means the most to you, starting from most important to least important. List examples of why you chose this order for yourself. Introduction to Health Care Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Unit 6 Communication in the Health Care Setting Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 15 The Patient as an Individual Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3 Patients as Individuals Patient well-being affected by attitude, expressed concern, and technical skills “People don’t care how much you know until they know how much you care.” Individuals are complex Cultural influences, personal experiences, and basic human needs all play role Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Philosophy of Individual Worth Every human being has worth Give same level of care regardless of patients’ circumstances Some patients present unique challenges More difficult than others Experiencing pain and anxiety Empathy provides foundation for understanding others Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dealing with Prejudice (1 of 2) Prejudice Negative feelings about people due to race, cultural background, appearance, etc. Also called “bias” Prevents seeing people as unique individuals Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dealing with Prejudice (2 of 2) Must identify own prejudices to deal with them Many incorporated into our belief systems Taken for granted Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Implicit Bias Bias that is outside consciousness Difficult to identify and overcome Studies reveal extensive implicit bias in health care Affects patient outcomes Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Question 1 True or False: Almost everyone has prejudices of some type. Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Answer 1 True Although possibly unaware of them, almost all people have prejudices Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Overcoming Bias (1 of 2) Examine responses to others Imagine individual as opposite of stereotype Try to see person as an individual Practice empathy Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Overcoming Bias (2 of 2) Associate with people of different groups Reframe interactions with patients to ones between equals Not necessary to agree with all beliefs of others Especially if harmful to their health Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Meaning of Culture (1 of 2) Values and beliefs Social organization Family structure Language Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Meaning of Culture (2 of 2) Religion Everyday activities Economic status Sexual orientation Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Purpose of Culture Provides guidelines for behavior Gives life predictability Provides means for people to live together in relative harmony Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dominant Culture Generally accepted foundational beliefs and behavior of society or country Examples from U.S. culture: Importance of efficiency and punctuality Having a firm handshake Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Individuals and Culture U.S. population increasingly diverse Some groups no longer considered to be minorities Different levels of integration into maintain U.S. culture Recognize differences but do not make assumptions Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dealing with Cultural Differences (1 of 2) Appreciate different approaches to life Learn about other cultures Especially those of future patients in your area Avoid assuming patients will always understand you Remember that members of cultural groups may or may not practice certain customs Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dealing with Cultural Differences (2 of 2) Be sensitive to possible cultural differences related to patient needs Ask appropriate questions to learn about patients Recognize there are many cultural sub-groups Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Examples of Cultural Differences Personal space Comfortable distance for conversation About 18 to 24 inches in U.S. Closer in some cultures, farther away in others Use of touch Varies greatly Gender issues Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Question 2 Comfortable personal space in the dominant culture of the U.S. is about ____ . A. 6 inches B. 12 inches C. 18 inches Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Answer 2 C. 18 inches Comfortable personal space considered appropriate by dominant culture of U.S.: Approximately 18 inches Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Question 3 True or False: A new female patient arrives at Dr. Hendricks’ office wearing a long dress and a head covering. It is safe for the medical assistant to assume the patient is Muslim. Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Answer 3 False Never safe to assume anything about patient’s culture based on appearance Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Question 4 True or False: Direct eye contact is a sign of sincerity for most cultural groups. Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Answer 4 False Eye contact Sign of sincerity in dominant U.S. culture However, many groups view as rude or aggressive Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Traditional Western Medicine Practiced by most U.S. physicians Focuses on physical aspects of body Employs scientific methods Treatment must be proven safe and effective Illness attributed to factors that can be measured and explained Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cultural Variations Definitions of Health Absence of disease Balance of body energy Harmony with nature Integration of body, mind, and spirit Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cultural Variations Sources of Good Health Nutritious food, good hygiene Gift from ancestors Will of God Reward from God Good luck Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cultural Variations Causes of Illness Imbalance of body energy Demons and spirits Punishment for sins Microbes and resulting infection Will of God Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cultural Variations Treatment Methods Acupuncture Pharmaceutical drugs Prayer Surgery Lifestyle changes Rituals and ceremonies Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Religion and Health Religious and spiritual beliefs influence many health care practices Shamans Faith healing and prayer Illness as will of God or punishment for sins Prayer Evil eye Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Harmony and Health (1 of 2) Balance of body, mind, and spirit Growing interest in U.S. Basic belief of many cultures Chinese concept of yin and yang Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Harmony and Health (2 of 2) Body humor theory Traditional Hispanic belief Four fluids control body Hot and cold disorders and treatments Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Question 5 True or False: T’ai chi is a form of acupuncture that originated in China and is becoming accepted in the U.S. Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Answer 5 False T’ai chi Form of Chinese martial arts Involves focusing mind and performing slow body movements Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Herbs and Plant Medicines Used for thousands of years Many used today Growing interest in U.S. in “natural” remedies Not controlled by Food and Drug Administration (F D A) Can be harmful Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Human Needs Considering needs a useful approach for understanding human behavior Considers patients as individuals within cultural framework Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs (1 of 4) Abraham Maslow theorized that human behavior is motivated by efforts to meet needs Model used for many years to better understand patients Assumptions being questioned today, but may still be useful for general consideration of human behavior Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs (2 of 4) Level 1: physiological Food, shelter, and water Level 2: safety and security Free from physical and psychological harm Level 3: love and affection Friendships and intimacy Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs (3 of 4) Level 4: self-esteem Opinion individual has of self Level 5: self-actualization Achievement of full personal potential Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Question 6 True or False: It is necessary to fully meet each need on Maslow’s hierarchy before moving up to the next level. Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Answer 6 False Life is a dynamic process Not necessary to fully meet need category before moving to next level Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs (4 of 4) Illness and injury alter human needs Full recovery may involve moving up hierarchy Role of health care professionals: Recognize patients’needs Help patients meet needs at each level Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Defense Mechanisms (1 of 5) Responses to perceived threats to self-esteem Provide relief from mental discomfort and anxiety Commonly used at times of stress E.g., illness, injury Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Defense Mechanisms (2 of 5) Compensation Meet need through substitution Control Use inappropriate control to make up for loss of control elsewhere Denial Pretend something is not true Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Defense Mechanisms (3 of 5) Displacement Transfer feelings about one person to another Acting out Express difficult feelings by performing extreme behavior Malingering Pretend to be ill Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Defense Mechanisms (4 of 5) Projection See own weaknesses in others Rationalization Explain behavior with socially acceptable reason Regression Use inappropriate behavior for age Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Defense Mechanisms (5 of 5) Repression Keep unpleasant memories out of awareness Withdrawal Refuse to communicate with others or participate in social activities Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Question 7 If the health care professional suspects a patient is displaying a defense mechanism to deal with fear, it is best to _____ . A. Show interest in patient’s well-being B. Tell the patient not to worry C. Ignore the patient’s behavior Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Answer 7 A. Show interest in the patient’s well-being Demonstrate acceptance of patient’s feelings, listen, provide information as needed Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dealing with Loss (1 of 2) Losses include: Death of loved one Independence Physical ability Good health Loss can significantly influence patient behavior Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dealing with Loss (2 of 2) Health care professionals can help patients deal with loss Recognize significance to individuals Give patients opportunity to share feelings Help patients explore ways to deal with loss Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ways Individuals Deal with Loss Seek support from family and friends Find comfort in religion Draw on self-esteem Employ problem-solving techniques Use defense mechanisms Become angry or depressed Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Treating Patients as Individuals Effectiveness of health care professional dependent on understanding and respecting individual differences Patients have different perceptions of health care setting Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Learning About Patients (1 of 2) Observe patient’s behavior and ways of interacting with others Determine whether language barriers present Ask questions to learn individual preferences Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Learning About Patients (2 of 2) Listen carefully to patient’s responses Some patients need more information than others Explain what is being done and why Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Question 8 True or False: It is appropriate to ask patients directly about their health care beliefs. Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Answer 8 True Appropriate to ask patients questions about health care beliefs Should be done in inquiring manner Rather than judgmental Haroun/Mitchell, Introduction to Health Care, 5th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.