Fluent Essays

So this Research Essay is related to the Annotated Bibliography topic that you did last time. I attached below the 2 Rubrics, 1 Sample Essay and the Bibliography that you did last time. Thank you. Final Research Essay Rubric.pdf COMM19999 – Summer 2021 FINAL RESEARCH ESSAY (25\%) Due: Week 12 This project is the final stage of a research and writing process that incorporates your work on the Annotated Bibliography and the Oral Presentation/Response. You MUST USE THE SAME TOPIC THAT YOU HAVE CHOSEN FOR YOUR ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY, PROPOSAL, AND PRESENTATION. • You will be required to analyze and discuss in this research paper – IT SHOULD NOT JUST BE A PRESENTATION OF FACTS/EVIDENCE! • It is your choice on whether you would like to explore an informative/expository or persuasive/argumentative thesis. Construct a paper that contains the following elements: o APA style title page o Introduction (purpose, scope, background) → Include focus question and thesis (within paragraph). o Main discussion section: 5-10 paragraphs of development, examples, evidence, expert testimony (graphs, charts, tables if applicable could be placed in Appendices) o Closing section - conclusion(s), restatement of findings o APA style reference page that includes a minimum of 5 research sources – 2 of these must be academic (each source must be cited at least once in the paper) o Appendices Your paper should be formatted according to APA guidelines, meaning: • Times New Roman, font size 12 • Double Spaced • 1” Margins NOTE: No more than 30\% of the assignment can be another’s referenced words or ideas – if a paper simply reassembles sources from elsewhere without the addition of your own thoughts, then this constitutes a breach of academic honesty/integrity and could potentially result in a mark of 0. Final Research Essay Rubric 2.pdf Final Paper Research Rubric Worth 25\% Introduction /5 5 4 3 2 1 0 The introduction provides context for the paper. It includes adequate background information, explains the purpose of the paper (research question), discusses the scope and limitations of the research, and previews the major sections of the paper. The thesis statement is clearly written and includes specific mention of research and arguments which form the body of the paper. More detail is required when introducing background information. Some further explanation of the purpose of the paper and description of its major sections may be needed. The student must make the purpose/scope clearer. The thesis may be present, but it may lack the detail or sophistication necessary for a research paper. The research question/purpose of the paper needs to be clarified. Some background information is present but is insufficient. The thesis statement is absent, unfocused, or unclear. The student needs to work on developing a clearer thesis and stronger arguments; as well as seek better means to outline and preview a research paper. Body /15 Exceptional 15 14 Great 13 12 11 Good 10 9 8 Satisfactory 7 6 5 Needs Improvement 4 3 2 Poor 1 0 The body contains 4-6 coherent supporting paragraphs. Paragraphs are written in the 3rd person. Research and attribution to sources is managed with a high degree of skill. The paper flows well and all ideas link back to the thesis or research question. The text’s ideas or arguments are fully developed and are supported by various forms of evidence. Paper develops discussion and analysis with a high degree of sophistication. APA citation and referencing is near flawless. Visual data is The body contains 4-6 supporting paragraphs. An attempt has been made to write in the 3rd person, however, there are errors. The essay flows capably and most ideas link back to the thesis or research question. Ideas or arguments are developed but could use further explanation/development of discussion/analysis. APA citation and referencing is used with a degree of skill. Visual data is present but is not incorporated into the paper effectively. The body contains only 2-3 supporting paragraphs. Organization and paper structure are evident, but is convoluted. Some ideas are linked cohesively, but not all relate to the thesis or research question. Ideas or arguments are developed, but require further explanation. Discussion/analysis is present, but inconsistent. Further evidence may be needed for support. APA may not be used properly, but consistent effort is made throughout the paper to reference and cite. The body contains some problems in organization and paragraph structure. The composition and outline for a paper need revision. At times the paper may seem to lose focus. Only some headings are present. Ideas or arguments are only partially developed – paper is mostly summary with little discussion or analysis. Further evidence is needed for support. Frequent and careless errors are made with APA citation, but effort has been made to cite and reference. Paragraph structure and organization are weak. Ideas or arguments are present but not developed. Ideas are not adequately supported by evidence. Paper lacks analysis or discussion, and more than 30\% of the paper is others’ ideas or words. Sources are not properly cited, and referencing is largely incorrect. Paper may be written in argumentative essay style as opposed to the expository style Paragraph structure and organization are lacking. Only some ideas or arguments are present. Paper lack logic and flow. No quotations or paraphrases have been used. In text citation or reference page are absent. Little to no content of the paper is the student’s own work/words or ideas Please note that failure to provide in text citations or a reference page constitutes plagiarism and is subject to Sheridan academic honesty sanctions. present and utilized in the discussion. Visual data is present, but is not discussed, addressed, and/or relevant to the discussion. Conclusion /5 5 4 3 2 1 0 The conclusion contains effective topic, supporting, and closing sentences. The thesis is restated. Suggestions or recommendations for future research/investigation are stated and explained. The conclusion lacks some form of paragraph structure (topic, supporting, or closing sentences). The thesis is restated, but is unclear. Suggestions or recommendations are not fully developed. Conclusion is weak or not present. Paragraph structure may be lack, thesis may not be present. Suggestions for future research/investigation are not present. APA Title Page /5 Reference Page – five (5) sources minimum in proper APA style /5 1 mark deducted per error Grammar, Punctuation, Spelling, Sentence Structure /15 1 mark deducted per major error In-Text Citation/Documentation (APA style) /10 1 mark deducted per incorrect error TOTAL: /60 Steps for Improvement (If Necessary): ☐Review the thesis writing process ☐Consult an APA/MLA handbook regarding referencing ☐Work of flow between paragraphs ☐Work on communicating ideas concisely and continuously connecting those ideas to the thesis ☐Work on grammatical/spelling issues ☐Work on using/incorporating evidence more effectively ☐Discussion and analysis need development ☐Paper relies too heavily on evidence/ideas of others ☐Work on structure and organization of the paper ☐Other: _____________________________________ Professor Recommendations (If Necessary): ☐Consult the Library ☐Consult the writing center ☐Tutoring recommended ☐See me for further discussion Final Research Essay Sample.pdf THE FAILURE OF DRUG PROHIBITION 1 The Failure of Drug Prohibition or: How I Learned to Start Worrying and Hate the War on Drugs Matthew Page Sheridan College THE FAILURE OF DRUG PROHIBITION 2 Abstract “The War on Drugs”, and idea so polarizing, it is no surprise that it carries the bloodied title of “War.” Many different people have many different opinions about it, opinions across the spectrum of thought, from believing that it was the best thing to have ever come from a governing body, to the single greatest tragedy of modern human history. While the truth of the matter lies at neither one extreme nor the other, it is quite apparent that this politically motivated war is far worse for everyone than its perpetuators would have anticipated. Keywords: war on drugs, drug addiction THE FAILURE OF DRUG PROHIBITION 3 The Failure of Drug Prohibition or: How I Learned to Start Worrying and Hate the War on Drugs Introduction Though what is the war on drugs exactly? Simply put, the war on drugs is a collection of government policies and initiatives from various nations around the world, prohibiting the production, possession, and/or consumption of a wide variety of drugs that are deemed illicit. According to Fulkerson & Mohammad (2011), Kursgesagt (2016), Wild (2013), and Wodak (2014) this policy first came into full force when implemented by U.S. President Richard Nixon in the early 1970’s. According to Wodak (2014) this policy has been punitive and it put a very heavy emphasis on criminal action (para. 5). While it aught to have been a primarily domestic policy for the U.S., the war on drugs was, through pressure from the U.S., adopted by many other nations around the world; Australia (Wodak, 2014) and Pakistan (Fulkerson & Mohammad, 2011) to name a few. How does the war on drugs work? “The core strategy of the war on drugs is ‘No Drugs = No Problems.’” (Kursgesagt, 2016) This means that the primary course of action is to attempt to reduce the supply of illicit drugs available to the consumer, thereby preventing the consumer from being able to obtain the drugs they want. Also, policy dictates the arrest, prosecution, and incarceration of both drug suppliers and drug users, thereby attempting to discourage both the production and the consumption of illicit drugs. Is the war on drugs really such a bad thing though? In this paper, it will be demonstrated that yes, the war on drugs is, in fact, bad government policy. The war on drugs is ineffective at fixing the problems it was intended to fix, it in fact, exacerbated these very same concerns, and THE FAILURE OF DRUG PROHIBITION 4 worse still, it created a plethora of new problems that need to be dealt with as soon as possible and would have originally had nothing to do with the problem of illicit drugs. Section One: Problems not fixed At its core, the war on drugs make absolutely no sense economically. The war uses all its resources on reducing the supply of drugs available but doing so without also lowering the demand for drugs will raise the price for drugs sharply. Now when this happens with other products, the rise in price would reduce the demand as fewer people are willing to pay more money for the same thing, but this is not the case for drugs. As Kurzgesagt (2016) and Powell (2013) state, drugs are not “price sensitive,” most consumers of drugs would continue to consume them regardless of how much it would cost them. (See appendix A-1) Since drugs are more expensive with the war on them in full force, and consumers are still purchasing drugs at nearly the same rate, drug production is significantly more lucrative then it ever had been before the war. With the war in place, even when existing suppliers are arrested, the potential for profit is so high that new producer will invariably come in to fulfill the lingering demand and ultimately the supply to the consumer isn’t reduced at all. (Kurzgesagt, 2016) (Powell, 2013) (Wild, 2013) Section Two: Problems made worse Obviously, one goal of the war on drugs is to reduce the harm drugs have on people. In this regard, the war has failed spectacularly. As a direct consequence of the war, drugs are in fact more potent, increasing the risk of overdosing, and more likely to contain harmful additives. Like during the era of alcohol prohibition, drugs are more profitable in higher concentrations as they would take up less space, making them easier to transport, and hide away from the authorities. (Kurzgesagt, 2016) (Powell, 2013) Also since drug production is unregulated, and THE FAILURE OF DRUG PROHIBITION 5 drug use illegal, consumers have no legal recourse when their providers cut the drugs with potentially harmful fillers. Additionally, with the illegality of their habit, drug users are mostly unable to “shop around” for dealers, thereby giving dealers no reason to adopt more consumer- friendly practices. (such as providing safer drugs) In another video by Kurzgesagt, (2015) the nature of addiction is discussed. To summarise, humans need to bond with others and when circumstances prevent them from creating healthy bonds, they will find something to bond with to satisfy this need, and drugs are very popular for this. So, when we take existing addicts and incarcerate them, it becomes even harder for these addicts to form healthier bonds, therefore pushing them even further into their addiction. (Fulkerson & Mohammad, 2011) (Kurzgesagt, 2016) Section Three: New problems created The most disturbing aspect of the war on drugs is the fact that it creates new, serious problems of its own. The more well known of these is the global increase in violent crime around the world. Interestingly, violent crime is commonly thought to have always gone together with the drug trade, but this is not the case. Before the drug war, producers would be able to use the legal system to settle disputes among each other, but now that their business is illegal their only viable tool for resolution is violence. Homicide rates in the US and many participating countries around the world have climbed since their implementation of the war on drugs, and Mexico is going through what basically constitutes a civil-war, with death tolls dwarfing those of other warzones during the same period. (Fulkerson & Mohammad, 2011) (Kurzgesagt, 2016. Timestamp: 3:47-4:00) (Wild, 2013) (Wodak, 2014) Additionally, the war on drugs and other related government policies in the U.S., have created the new problem of mass incarceration. With the U.S.’s hardline approach, many non- THE FAILURE OF DRUG PROHIBITION 6 violent drug users are thrown in jail, and they linger in jail for far longer than would seem reasonable due to government-dictated mandatory minimum sentencing. The extra long sentences do little to deter drug-use or production, and their lives are effectively ruined; spending years separated from society, and having many limitations placed on them even after they have completed their sentences. (Green, 2014) (Kurzgesagt, 2016) Conclusion The War on Drugs was ill-conceived, misguided, and harmful to many people and nations. It continues to be harmful; the problems it fails to fix, and the problems it creates, get progressively worse as time goes on. This failure of government policy, which was designed to fix a problem that hadn’t been very big at the time it had started, needs to be killed. Notwithstanding enacting policies that work to “fix” the problem of drug addiction, such as harm reduction, simply ending the war on drugs will, in the author’s opinion, have a monumentally positive effect on the safety and stability of the world. After all, the war on drugs: fixes nothing, makes everything worse, and creates even more problems, reversing this policy stands to be the only logical course of action left. THE FAILURE OF DRUG PROHIBITION 7 References Green, J. (2014) Mass Incarceration in the US. www.youtube.com. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/NaPBcUUqbew Fulkerson, G., Mohammad, F. (2011) The Failure of the War on Drugs: A Comparative Perspective. Pakistan Journal of Criminology. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/ps/i.do?p=EAIM&u=ko_acd_shc&id=G ALE|A310207514&v=2.1&it=r&sid=summon&authCount=1 Kurzgesagt. (2015) Addiction. www.youtube.com. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/ao8L-0nSYzg Kurzgesagt. (2016). Why The War on Drugs Is a Huge Failure. www.youtube.com. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/wJUXLqNHCaI Powell, B. (2013) The Economics Behind the U.S. Governments Unwinnable War on Drugs Library of Economics and Liberty. Retrieved from http://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2013/Powelldrugs.html Wild, J. (2013) Epic failure: the uncomfortable truth about the United States role in the failure of the global war on drugs and how it is going to fix it. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=ko_acd_shc&id=G ALE|A366863625&v=2.1&it=r&sid=summon&authCount=1 Wodak, A. (2014) The Abject Failure of Drug Prohibition. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/doi/full/10.1177/0004865814524424 https://youtu.be/NaPBcUUqbew http://go.galegroup.com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/ps/i.do?p=EAIM&u=ko_acd_shc&id=GALE|A310207514&v=2.1&it=r&sid=summon&authCount=1 http://go.galegroup.com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/ps/i.do?p=EAIM&u=ko_acd_shc&id=GALE|A310207514&v=2.1&it=r&sid=summon&authCount=1 https://youtu.be/ao8L-0nSYzg https://youtu.be/wJUXLqNHCaI http://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2013/Powelldrugs.html http://go.galegroup.com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=ko_acd_shc&id=GALE|A366863625&v=2.1&it=r&sid=summon&authCount=1 http://go.galegroup.com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=ko_acd_shc&id=GALE|A366863625&v=2.1&it=r&sid=summon&authCount=1 http://journals.sagepub.com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/doi/full/10.1177/0004865814524424 THE FAILURE OF DRUG PROHIBITION 8 Appendix A-1 (Chart 1: Supply and Demand chart for drug market. Powell, B. 2013) AnnotatedBibliographyonBrainsimulationaspartofArtificialIntelligenceEdited.docx Running Head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 2 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Annotated Bibliography Kim Espina Sheridan College COMM19999 Essential Communication Skills Rolla Bahsous Annotated Bibliography on Brain simulation as part of an Artificial Intelligence project Shapshak, P. (2018). Artificial Intelligence and brain. Bioinformation, 14(01), 038–041. https://doi.org/10.6026/97320630014038 ‌This article by Shapshak (2018) presents information about a research on Artificial Intelligence and Brain Simulation. Based on the author view, Artificial Intelligence is going rapid development, introducing new solutions every day. The article points out the various elements of Artificial Intelligence, which includes multitudes of human made languages, systems, and methodologies that are implemented with computer technology. In addition, the article presents how biological integration with Artificial Intelligence is presenting various solutions human beings. Specific, integration with functions of brain neurons, is presenting new evolution to human era. Reviewing the credibility of the article, it is well grounded by other scholarly articles. In addition, the presented evidence closely relates to what other scholars present about the research. The primary reason for selecting the article, it will help to form a good background research for the topic. The article presents how AI is fueled by the simulation and study on the functions of neurons. In addition, the article presents various significances of brain simulation as an AI. Also, the article relates to my research topic on brain simulation as part of Artificial Intelligence. I intend to use the article particularly to answer the research question of my research, “Is the brain simulation a useful model for Artificial Intelligence?”. For instance, the article identifies that brain simulation could help treating brain diseases. There are no biases identifiable in the article, which makes it more credible for use in my research. However, the conclusions presented does not summarize what the article was about. Beckers, S. (2017, November). AAAI: an argument against artificial intelligence. In 3rd Conference on Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence (pp. 235-247). Springer, Cham. https://sanderbeckers.github.io/website/sander/articles/AAAI-preprint.pdf ‌This peer reviewed article by Beckers (2017) presents various counter arguments about Artificial Intelligence. The article is about the ethical concerns, which relates to the successful implementation of the Artificial Intelligence. Based on the author’s view, there are various issues, which are requiring attention such as how AI is causing extreme human suffering. The article identifies that human are suffering since the wake of Artificial Intelligence. For instance, the use of AI is threatening the future of human beings, where it can become super intelligent compared to human beings. The article presents that Brain Simulation, as part of AI projects would result to creation of artificial intelligence with conscious, which can be a disaster to the human’s futures. The reason for choosing this article, it presents counterarguments to my research topic. This article identifies how dangerous AI is to human being, particularly, on including brain simulation. For instance, the developed computers with conscious will now learn new things just like human beings and become more super intelligent far from human brain. Reviewing the credibility of the article, the author has supported his arguments with other peer-reviewed articles, which makes it more credible. In addition, the findings relates to other researches as well. I intend to use the article in my research topic to presents some counterarguments on the usefulness of brain simulation as part of Artificial intelligence. Also, the article will form a good background for the research. There are no identifiable biases in the article, which makes it more credible for use in my research. Amunts, K., Knoll, A. C., Lippert, T., Pennartz, C. M., Ryvlin, P., Destexhe, A., ... & Bjaalie, J. G. (2019). The Human Brain Project—Synergy between neuroscience, computing, informatics, and brain-inspired technologies. PLoS biology, 17(7), e3000344. This peer-reviewed article by Amunts et al. (2019) is about human brain projects. In specific, the article presents how Human Brain Project (HBP), has been useful to human being. Specific, the article identifies that the project has helped to transfer the acquired knowledge in health sector. HBP integrates the empirical neuroscience in the human’s brain, to Information Technology (IT), helping to develop new health interventions. One of these health interventions is developing technology, which can help in imaging the malformations of the patient’s brain, helping in surgery or seizure prediction. Reviewing the credibility of the article, it is well grounded by peer-reviewed articles. In addition, the article has images supporting the arguments presented by the author. In addition, the findings of the research relates to other scholarly findings, which makes it more credible. The primary reason for selecting the article, it would be useful to form a strong background research for my topic. In addition, the article presents various significances of human simulation as part of Artificial Intelligence. I will use the article to support how brain simulation has been useful to human being. In addition, the article has important information, which will be useful to support discussions questions. For instance, there are various models of brain simulation in the article. There are no identifiable biases in the article, which makes it more credible to use. For instance, the findings of the study are valid. In addition, the conclusions presents the summary of the research. In overall, the article is credible, two years old and has significant information, which will be useful in the research. Wu, Y. (2019, November). Research on the Development of Integration of Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 384, No. 1, p. 012007). IOP Publishing. This peer article by Yue Wu (2019) presents a research on artificial intelligence, and how it integration with neuroscience. The article presents the history of Artificial Intelligence and how it have developed over the years. The presents that the recent development of Artificial intelligence involves development of the Cognitive Science and Neuroscience, which aims in developing the machines to be able to realize various human cognitive abilities, improving their intelligence levels and cognitive behaviours. The article identifies that there is potential use of brain-like intelligence, where it applications could have far-reaching impacts to human beings. Reviewing the credibility of the article, it has strong background from other scholarly articles. Also, the findings are closely linked to other researches, which makes it more credible. The primary reason for selecting this article, it is closely related to my research questions. In addition, it presents the historic development of the Artificial Intelligence, including it’s recent development on brain simulation. This will help to write a good introduction about Artificial Intelligence, including how it have been used for the past few years and its future projections. In addition, it will provide a good source for answering and supporting discussions in my research. There are no identifiable biases in the article. All the research findings are valid as they relate to other scholarly works. In addition, the author presents original work, which is not available in other scholars work. In other words, the article is not plagiarized from other scholarly work, which makes it a credible source to use in the research. Perez, J. A., Deligianni, F., Ravi, D., & Yang, G. Z. (2018). Artificial intelligence and robotics. arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.10813, 1. This article presents a research on artificial intelligence and robotics. This article was written by four authors, Dr. Javier, Dr Fani, Dr. Daniele, and Prof. Dr. Guang-Zhong. This article provides the origin of AI, and how it has evolved for the last 60 years. Some of the evolution of AI identified in the article include the rise of deep learning, computer vision, and machine learning. As identified in the article, AI has undergone various seasons, which has brought fears on its impact to the society. The article identifies that there are legal and ethical challenges related to Artificial Intelligence, which particularly affects its progress. Some of these challenges include wrongful use of AI, civil rights, legal responsibility, jobs, and privacy. However, the authors presents that AI has it importances, which could have adverse significance to peoples’ lives and economy. The major reason for selecting this article, it has some counterarguments relating to the research topic. The authors’ presents that Artificial Intelligence has resulted to various problems such as job loss, and could have potential negative impacts in future. This applies that the current development of integrating AI with brain simulation could make the machines more intelligent. I will use the article to provide a good background for the research, including the negative impacts of AI on the society. Reviewing some of the credibility of the article, it well supported with peer reviewed articles, which makes it more credible source for the research. There are no identifiable biases in the article. In addition, the article is very current, which makes it more important for the research.