Fluent Essays

Discussion Board Week 1: Review a Legislative Session    Becoming familiar with the legislative process is an important skill for public health advocacy, prevention, and policy.   Step One: Review the Senate Floor session for March 10th 2016:   http://calchannel.granicus.com/MediaPlayer.php?view_id=7&clip_id=3442    Navigate to ~24 minutes into the video. There is a lag on getting the session started. After that there is a remaining 1 hour 15 minutes in length. Please review it in its entirety. The session video should be opened using Google Chrome or Firefox (Internet Explorer will not work effectively for this video)     That day, the California Legislature passed a set of landmark public health bills: SBX2-5 Electronic cigarettes (Leno) SBX2-7 Tobacco products: minimum legal age (Hernandez) ABX2-7 Smoking in the workplace (Mark Stone) ABX2-9 Tobacco use programs (Thurmond) ABX2-10 Local taxes: authorization: cigarettes and tobacco products (Bloom) ABX2-11 Cigarette and tobacco product licensing: fees and funding (Nazarian)   Step 2: Each bill that was passed that day has the potential to impact improvements in public health.  After reviewing the video, students will select two bills that interest them and then, research and describe. 1. 1. Using the video or the bill text, briefly describe each of the bills (2-3 sentences). The bill text can be found by looking through the agenda on the right-hand side of the screen. 2. Be sure to include two specific facts you learned about each bill   Step 3: Review Chapters 1 & 2 in your text. Then: (SEE ATTACHED POWERPOINTS) 1. 1. Focusing on your text share/describe a few aspects of the policymaking process you saw take place while viewing the video. 2. Using the internet, briefly research and describe (2-3 sentences) the policymaker that wrote one of the policies you described above. Expand upon the section on p. 32 in the text about policymakers and connect to your description. Why may the policymaker support this policy? 3. Describe why government intervention is considered appropriate for the population?   Chapter 1: Power of Policy to Improve Health: Eyler, A.A., Chriqui, J.F., Moreland-Russell, S.M., & Brownson, R.C. (Eds.). (2016) Prevention, policy, and public health (1st ed.) New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Policy and policy Capital “P”: Legislative judicial, regulatory Population/ community wide impact May be: Infrastructural “enabling” public health statutes, which typically specify the mission, function, structure, and authorities of state or local public health agencies (also known as health departments). Interventional Federal, state, or local law or policy designed to modify a health risk factor. Intersectoral (HIAP) Federal, state, or local law or policy implemented by a non-health agency for a primary purpose other than health, but which has intended or unintended health effects. Typically follows prescribed steps to implementation (slow) Lowercase “p”: voluntary, guidelines, social norms Situational, may be applied unequally Limited impact, temporary, often by whim of one decision maker Typically implemented quickly (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Give me an example of POLICY and policy? Infrastructural: So called Interventional: Intersectoral: Federal, state, or local law or policy implemented by a non-health agency for a primary purpose other than health, but which has intended or unintended health effects. IOM, 2011 2 Why policy? Policy linked to health promotion and disease prevention Create opportunities for broad and sustainable improvements in population health Because… 80\% of U.S. deaths are caused by chronic disease Heart disease Cancer Hypertension Stroke Diabetes 75\% of annual spending on medical care Chronic disease linked to modifiable factors Lifestyle and Risk factors (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Policy Focused on Prevention (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Why policy? Assemble into 4 groups Review box 1.1 together Federal prevention policy: Prevention and public health within the Affordable Care Act Each group summarize the associated paragraph (write on flip chart) (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Public Policy and Public Health within a Socio-Ecological Framework (CDC, 2015) https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/nbccedp/sem.htm (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Integrating Policy with Public Health Research and Practice Continue to increase body of research on development, implementation and policy outcome Increase the number of research networks to study policy Need stakeholders from a wide range of networks to implement policy Policies are integrated with public health practice (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Table 1.2 p11 (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Integrating Policy with Public Health Research and Practice Policies are integrated with public health practice National Public Health Performance Standards Program outlines ten essential public health services – two are policy-based Develop policies and plans supporting individual and community health efforts Enforce laws and regulations protecting and ensuring safety (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Why Use Policies to Prevent Disease and Improve Population Health? Policy have the potential to affect both the environment and behavior to reduce health risks and create opportunities for healthy behaviors Result in systemic improvements to environments Economic Physical Social Example: Policies enforcing fines for the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors lead to decreased access for minors and have potential to reduce underage drinking Policy has a broad scope = can benefit all people within the environment (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Chapter 17 Advocacy and Public Health Policy Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 “The business of improving population health has always been linked to action. First document, then analyze, then act, then document the effect. Public health takes place in boardrooms, on street corners, in our homes, and in the legislature. So too, does public health advocacy.” Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016, p.329 Public health (PH) and advocacy Preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health via organized efforts and informed societal, organizational, communities, and individual choices. PH research builds on knowledge and identifies strategies to achieve health promotion and disease reduction. Advocacy uses these findings to create new public policies that impact health outcomes Tobacco Seat belt Recycling Baby-friendly hospital initiatives to encourage breastfeeding Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 What is advocacy? The act or process of supporting a proposal or cause Public health advocacy influences legislative or regulatory decision makers that have the power to change policy Range of tools and strategies are used Typical tools and strategies: Explaining the benefits of the desired action (in person, writing, or both), especially in terms of the problem it will solve Anticipating objections and preparing responses to them Appealing to emotions of the decision makers or constituents Forming coalitions Pointing to other decision makers who have taken the requested action Negotiating Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 What is advocacy? Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 CDC Public Law News – great resource for recent legislative activity and policy updates CDC Winnable battles – focus is on the largest ph policy initiatives. Excellent resource for coalition development Policy Built environment Retail encvironment Work environments Restaurant environments Media environment Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 What is advocacy? Key Elements in Policy PH policy should create optimal defaults Should lead to creation of a more healthful default option Common nature leads us to the default Example Restaurant offers french fries as default Modify the default to garden salad and frendh fries upon request Idea is that healthy choice is the easy choice, the default choice Advocates look for policy solution to displace the unhealthful defaults Let’s read box 17.1 p332 PH policy should be effective To be effective it needs to have a basis in science Provide policy makers with data and scientific evidence & consequences, and solutions based in science and best practices. Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Key Elements in Policy PH policy should create health equity Achieved when every person is provided the opportunity to attain full health potential and no one is disadvantaged due to social position or socially determined circumstance Creating optimal defaults can promote equality but that is often not enough to address health disparities Unfair health differences linked to social, economic, environmental disadvantages adversly affecting different groups Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Lobbying Communicating with a legislator to intentionally influence the way he or she will support or vote for a specific legislation Direct Includes a communication (visit, call, letter) directly to a legislator that reflects a view on a particular legislation Write a letter to representative requesting vote in favor of Bill x banning smoking from parks Grassroots Process of expressing a view to the public on a specific legislation and including a “call to action” Involves asking the public to contact their legislators and provide the public with information on who their legislators are and how to contact them (email, petition) Identifies a legislators position on a specific bill Read examples on 334 and 335 Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Key Elements in Policy Who can advocate? Individuals Organizations Coalitions Very effective for public health advocacy Group of organizations that come together to achieve a goal on a shared interest For-profit companies Nonprofit organizations Grassroots groups State and local health departments Academics Researchers Faith-based Health & social justice organizations OAC about page http://sanfranciscotobaccofreeproject.org/coalition/ Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Key Elements in Policy Steps in the Advocacy Process Define the problem and possible solutions Identify the general issue: obesity, Alzheimers, healthcare, tobacco What national, state, or local data are available to document the scope of the problem? Who is affected by the problem? Identify. What has been written on the issue? Collect. What is the economic impact of the problem? What work is presently being done on it by the governmental and nongovernmental (national, state, local) agencies? What are some possible solutions? Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Steps in the Advocacy Process Form a coalition Include a variety of members including those that may not be immediately obvious as advocates Create an asset map Table 17.2 p 337 Create an asset ma to identify kills, knowledge, representation and resources needed to achieve policy change sought (such as youth representatives, media skills and expertise among a population of interest. Review the asset mapping example on pps 337-338 Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Steps in the Advocacy Process Begin “Ground Softening” (aka Agenda Setting) Raise awareness about the issue among the public and government decision-makers (legislators, agency officials, or both) Explain why it is a: public health issue who is affected what policy solutions are warranted Necessary first step before viable legislation can be introduced An advocacy role in this first phase would be an educator who introduces people to the problem and explains why it should be a priority Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Steps in the Advocacy Process Begin “Ground Softening” Pouring on the Pounds 2009 New York City DHHS Relationship between sugary beverages and weight gain Video, posters, brochures, educational materials to increase awareness Goal: educate the public (soften the ground) in preparation for proposals designed to help New Yorkers limit the amount of sugary drinks they consume, such as the “portion cap” policy Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Pouring on the Pounds Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 16 Pouring on the Pounds Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 https://youtu.be/-F4t8zL6F0c Steps in the Advocacy Process Determine Who Has the Power to Make the Change Sought Public health policy can be accomplished on local, state, and national levels. A coalition may decide that the best initial approach will be to change policy on a local level, prior to attempting on a state or national level After jurisdiction determined, then RESEARCH whom has the power to make the change Director of town council State speaker of the house Senate President Sponsor of future bill Chair of committee in Congress Begin to build a relationship via background information. Learn about them to help you frame the issue so it interests them Do they have personal connections to your issue? What are their current positions? What are their future ambitions? How have they talked about or voted on your issue? What is their social media presence? See entire list p.340 Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Steps in the Advocacy Process Translate research for Decision-makers and the Public Work with coalition partners to translate the information Describe studies, data, and tables Create easy- to-understand fact sheets, policy briefs, and one-pagers for policymakers and the public Graphic representations of compelling research findings can communicate the importance of a policy issue or intervention quickly and clearly Sugar and health factsheet for policymakers Read case study box 17.2 p.341 Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Steps in the Advocacy Process Understand the Opposition Critical to a successful advocacy campaign to know the opposition as learn what their arguments will be, and prepare counterarguments in response If the issue is one that has already been through a legislative cycle, public testimony from hearings, news articles, the opposition’s website, or even social media can be used to find out how the opposition frames their arguments. Review other public health campaigns, even on different health issues, for patterns in how an affected industry will oppose the policy Box 17.3. p 342 Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Steps in the Advocacy Process Understand Public Opinion Are most people aware of the problem? Do people already have strong feelings one way or another about possible solutions? Do attitudes about the issue tend to be associated with particular demographic characteristics, such as sex, age, socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, political orientation, or geography? Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Steps in the Advocacy Process Understand Public Opinion Create and implement a public opinion survey. Media outlets, universities, and professional organizations that regularly conduct national public opinion polls can be important partners in designing and administering the survey. Survey goal is to understand allies and opponents, and identify the biggest obstacles to public acceptance of the policy proposal. Polling also can be used as an advocacy strategy to raise public aware- ness and gain legislator support. A poll that shows substantial support for a policy near the date of the hearing or vote can reflecting the desires of the people Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Steps in the Advocacy Process Outline Possible Solutions Work with the coalition to identify a range of possible policy solutions Formative research Literature search for systematic reviews (i.e., syntheses of research studies on a particular topic) and evaluations of experiments This process will help weed out solutions that have not been effective Discuss the pros and cons of each strategy with the coalition Which solutions achieve maximum impact? Consider health equity—will the proposed solutions reach the populations most affected? Are some solutions good but unrealistic? In order to build momentum toward an ultimate goal, advocates sometimes decide to pursue policies with a higher likelihood of success, even if those policies on their own may have limited impact Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Box 17.4 Case Study: School Wellness Policies In the early 2000s advocates were interested in reducing or eliminating unhealthy snacks and beverages from schools. Many wanted federal regulation to require the complete removal of these products, but there was not enough political will or public support to achieve this goal. An interim policy was proposed instead, requiring school districts to write “wellness policies,” which would include setting nutritional standards for competitive foods. Although the requirement to have a wellness policy did not guarantee that any districts would remove unhealthy competitive foods, it did increase the public’s awareness of the issue and created an opportunity for local school districts to discuss the topic. Eventually, as public support grew, the federal government was able to push forward new regulations for competitive foods through the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act. Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Steps in the Advocacy Process Consider unintended consequences Talk to all potential stakeholders, importantly those that will be implementing the policy to prevent negative consequences Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Steps in the Advocacy Process Plan Your Media Advocacy Strategy Media advocacy harnesses the power of the news to mobilize advocates and apply pressure for policy change... The public and policymakers may not consider issues seriously unless they are visible, and they are not visible unless the media have brought them to light. Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Steps in the Advocacy Process Plan Your Media Advocacy Strategy Inform the public about the policy issue Newspaper and electronic media first choice Press release or press conference 1-2 page statement coalition can send to media and post on website A good press release should be brief, clear, and quotable Low-cost methods include: Writing letters to the editor Opinion editorials for the newspapers that key decision-makers read Reaching audiences through social media: Blogs, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and Snapchat Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Steps in the Advocacy Process Evaluate Your Advocacy Efforts Important for success; each attempt should be evaluated Helps document what did and did not work in the advocacy campaign Share evaluations with other working on similar policy goals Showing what was done last and comparing what will be the updated policy solution to funders will help to secure funding the next time Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Steps in the Advocacy Process Evaluate Your Advocacy Efforts Policy success or not Document what and what did not work Demonstrates why advocacy should be funded Evaluate different aspects of the campaign Organizational capacity Support and alliances Impact Formal or informal evaluation Short policy briefs Case studies Interviewing health equity organizations Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Advocate for Public Health Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 https://youtu.be/KynoKd-Y0a8 Advocate for Public Health Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Assemble into groups of 4 Discuss a public health issue you would like to advocate for Research the internet and locate an organization that advocates for the selected issue What is the problem you are highlighting? Is there a solution to it? Who can make the solution possible? Who’s support do you need to gain in order to make the solution happen? What do you need to do or say to get the attention of those who can make the solution happen? Testify at a legislative session? Marketing/advertising? News releases or conference? Reference Eyler, A.A., Chriqui, J.F., Moreland-Russell, S.M., & Brownson, R.C. (Eds.). (2016) Prevention, policy, and public health (1st ed.) New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016 Chapter 2 Public Policy Explained (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) What is Public Policy? What does policy mean to you? Big “P” : Laws, rules, regulations Little “p”: organizational rules, practices, normative behaviors in a specific setting Formal and less formal laws interact: Ex: Formal laws can make specific requirements within organizations Mandating P.E. time in schools Setting guidelines for what sexual harassment in the workplace is Organizations can breed less formal laws that work up to large policy Voluntary smoke-free movement in the workplace Moved up to mandatory county, city, state (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) When does government intervention become appropriate? Policy is a societal tool Allocates community resources Solves social problems Improve conditions Especially useful when individuals are unable to resolve conflicts but believe in a political process (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) When does government intervention become appropriate? Provision of Public Goods These are resources available to everyone and do not run out Fresh air National security Street lighting Community parks Public road Do not cost $, government is required to produce Example: Global Polio Eradications Initiative Supported by national governments to provide public good Public private partnership to eliminate polio worldwide via vaccination and surveillance (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) When does government intervention become appropriate? Ensuring Access to Accurate Information Making informed choices about health requires access to available information Government can take action to ensure health related information is available to the public Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institutes of Health (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) When does government intervention become appropriate? Accounting for Costs or Benefits Incurred by Third Parties Production/consumption of goods can lead to unintended outcomes – positive and negative Indirect consequences are “externalities” Alcohol use associated with MVC’s and interpersonal violence, each producing injuries for nondrinkers Policies to increase alcohol price in order to prevent these externalities (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) When does government intervention become appropriate? Protection of vulnerable populations Society deems certain groups of people deserve extra protection Children Racial minorities For example prevent health risks: Prohibiting sale of sugar-sweetened beverages in schools Provide targeted cancer screening program funding (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Overview of the U.S. Political System Common and administrative law (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) https://ballotpedia.org/Legislative_Branch US Political Process- Actors- Executive Branch Federal President & Cabinet: HHS, FDA, Title:“Secretary” State: Governor & Cabinet: HHS, Education Title:“Secretary/ Director” (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Local: City/County Executive AND Legislative CITY: Mayor & City Council COUNTY: Chair or President & County Board of Supervisors US Political Process- Actors- Legislative Branch Federal : US CONGRESS US Senate: “Senator (Last Name)” e.g. Senator Leno House of Representatives: “Representative or Congressman/ Woman (Last name)” State: California Legislature State Senate: “Senator (Last Name)” State Assembly (aka House): “Assemblymember (Last Name)” (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Overview of the U.S. Political System The framers envisioned the Senate as a body of statesmen who make decisions based on experience and wisdom, not on the unpredictable whims of the people One-third of the Senate is elected every two years Representation in the Senate is equal for every state Each state has two senators Senators serve six-year terms The length of the term is supposed to insulate senators from public opinion and allow them to act independently (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Overview of the U.S. Political System The House of Representatives is meant to be “the people’s house,” or the part of government most responsive to public opinion Each state’s representation in the House is based on population, with each state getting at least one member California has the most members (54) Many states, including Delaware, Vermont, Montana, and Alaska, each have only one member Every member of the House represents a district within a state, and each district has roughly the same population (roughly 660,000 in 2006) Membership in the House is capped at 435. To keep them responsive to the people, House members face reelection every two years, and the entire body is elected at the same time. (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Overview of the U.S. Political System There are a total of 120 seats in the California State Legislature 100 seats: 20 of the California State Senate and 80 of the California State Assembly, are up for election every two years California State Senate 40 state senators and meets in Sacramento Members of the Democratic Party are currently in the majority in the California Senate Each California senator represents a district with an average population of 931,349 residents, as of the 2010 Census Members serve four-year terms The terms of the Senators are staggered so that half the membership is elected every two years. (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Overview of the U.S. Political System California State Assembly (lower house of the California State Legislature) 80 members to the Assembly, representing a relatively equal amount of constituencies Each member represents an average of 465,674 residents, as of the 2010 Census Due to the states large population and relatively small legislature, the Assembly has the largest population per representative ratio of any lower house legislature in the United States https://ballotpedia.org/California_state_legislative_districts#Senate_2 Districts by State: https://ballotpedia.org/State_Legislative_Districts (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Overview of the U.S. Political System National 114th Congressional District https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/cong_dist/uswall/cd114/CD114_WallMap_large.gif 114th Congressional District Map Californiahttps://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/cong_dist/cd114/st_based/CD114_CA.pdf (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Policymaking Process 5 distinct steps; cyclical Process for prevention policies adopted at the local, state, federal level Problem prioritization An issue becomes part of the public agenda & targeted for action Policy formulation Policy solutions are conceptualized & considered Policy enactment Specific solution is adopted Policy implementation Policy solution is implemented and enforced Policy evaluation Intended and unintended effects are analyzed to modify the policy (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Policymaking Process (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Policy-making Process Fig 2.2 Model of the policy process (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Policymaking Process: Legislative Process Bill introduced to Senate or House federal bodies or parallel bodies at the state level by a member of that body Sent to standing committee Environment Health Public utilities Education Bills approved by both houses then move to executive branch (President/Governor) Approved = law Vetoed = returns to legislative branch and it needs 2/3 of the vote (federal level) to override and then it becomes a law (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Tracking Legislative Process of Bills California Legislative Information (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Shaping Public Policy Actors: Policymakers Ability to influence groups and bargain with them Position among other policymakers Political party can drive the agenda and influence their political platform Democrats viewed as more public health friendly Support government regulation of the private sector Willing to spend $$ on social programs than Republicans Mayor Bloomberg (NYC) established policies to make the city more health enabling Smoking illegal in public places Calorie counts in restaurants Implementation of bicycle sharing programs Members of all parties can and do support public health efforts; in fact in most legislative bodies you need support from more than one party to win. (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Shaping Public Policy Actors: Lobbyists Important factor in federal and state policymaking Connotates a negative response b/c associated with large amounts of money funneled through tobacco, food, and big pharma $$ goes into hands of policymakers in exchange for votes  Not all bad Pro-public health agencies like American Public Health Association, American Medical Association, Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids play an instrumental role in public health policy efforts Healthcare reform lobbying – Kaiser Health News (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) https://youtu.be/aTbtKRdYbYo Shaping Public Policy: Actors: Interest Groups Unified position to a specific problem or policy solution Large role in determining the government agenda, defining policy solutions, influencing decisions and directing implementation Individuals Organizations AAP Prevention and Public Health Special Interest Group National Health & Health Care Special Interest Groups (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Shaping Public Policy: Actors: Media Increasingly influential as a result of social media Paid v. Earned Media Paid: Publicity gained via paid advertising T.v., radio, print, social sites on internet Formats: commercials, promotional articles, billboards Earned (free) Publicity gained via promotional efforts Cannot be bought or owned Can only be gained by those controlling the messaging/editorial staff Most trusted form of information Mass media outlets: Newspaper, t.v., radio, social sites on internet Formats: news articles, shows, letters to the editor, editorials, polls on t.v. & internet (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Media Advocacy Use of mass media to move public health policy forward in a strategic manner Community members and stakeholders take hold of media to generate and encourage change Empowers population Improve health outcomes Click it or Ticket campaign Achieved educating the public of the importance of seat belts in saving lives and consequences of breaking the law (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Shaping Public Policy: Actors: Citizens Elect policymakers Advocacy Proposing solutions How? Correspond with policymakers via hearings & personal contact Advocate – voicing public support or recommendation of a specific cause or policy Can do so individually or Join CBO’s or interest groups (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) https://youtu.be/stzrWDJ66MQ Shaping Public Policy: Actors: Public Health Scientists & Practitioners Communicate research and public health stories to policymakers and the public Contributes to the policy process Conduct studies of early seat belt law Demonstrate states with primary law v. secondary law are more effective Analyze: proposed policy solutions OR Determines effectiveness, efficiency, and equity policy after implementation Identify the unintended consequences Example: Involved in development of 1994 Violence Against Women Act as well as fighting to reauthorize with increased protections for special groups in 2013 (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Reference (Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016) Eyler, A.A., Chriqui, J.F., Moreland-Russell, S.M., & Brownson, R.C. (Eds.). (2016) Prevention, policy, and public health (1st ed.) New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Levels of Achievement Criteria Exceptional Acceptable Needs Improvement Missing Primary Post Weight 15.00\% 100.00 \% Completed; two or more paragraphs. Post is on topic, clearly written and well-described and display an excellent understanding of the required readings and underlying concepts. 85.00 \% Completed, but less than two paragraphs. Post is on topic and display somewhat of an understanding of the required readings and underlying concepts. Additional description and clarity is needed 70.00 \% Incomplete; less than one paragraph. Post show difficulty addressing the concepts and information presented. Post is not on topic and detracts from conversation. 0.00 \% Missing Addresses the discussion question prompt Weight 20.00\% 100.00 \% Primary post thoroughly addresses/answers and the discussion question. All required aspects of the DB prompt are well-described. Contribution is thoughtful and clearly written demonstrating that the content was appropriately reviewed and expressed. 85.00 \% Primary post somewhat addresses/answers the discussion question. Contribution could use improved description and clarity demonstrating that the content was reasonably reviewed and expressed. AND/OR One required aspect of the DB prompt may be missing in the response 70.00 \% Difficulty addressing/answering the discussion question via the primary post. Contribution demonstrates a need for improvement and somewhat detracts from the conversation AND/OR More than one required aspect of the DB prompt is missing. 0.00 \% Missing Peer Response Post #1 Weight 15.00\% 100.00 \% Completed; 1 or more paragraphs (> or = 4 sentences). Response is on topic, clearly written, well- described and adds to substantially to the conversation. 85.00 \% Completed; less than 1 paragraph (< 4 sentences). Response adds some substantial content, but could be more robust and additional description and clarity is needed. Postings including personal statement such as, “Great post” or Great idea cannot be counted toward the total contribution 70.00 \% Incomplete; less than 2 sentences. Response is off topic and has difficulty adding substantial content. May detract from conversation. Postings including personal statement such as, “Great post” or Great idea cannot be counted toward the total contribution. 0.00 \% Missing Peer Response Post #2 Weight 15.00\% 100.00 \% Completed; 1 or more paragraphs (> or = 4 sentences). Response is on topic, clearly written, well- described and adds to substantially to the conversation. 85.00 \% Completed; less than 1 paragraph (< 4 sentences). Response adds some substantial content, but could be more robust and additional description and clarity is needed. Postings including personal statement such as, “Great post” or Great idea cannot be counted toward the total contribution. 70.00 \% Incomplete; less than 2 sentences. Response is off topic and has difficulty adding substantial content. May detract from conversation. Postings including personal statement such as, “Great post” or Great idea cannot be counted toward the total contribution. 0.00 \% Missing Spelling/Grammar/APA Weight 20.00\% 100.00 \% No errors 85.00 \% 1-2 errors 70.00 \% 3 or more errors 0.00 \% Missing/Not Included Timeliness Weight 15.00\% 100.00 \% All three posts are submitted by the due date and time. 85.00 \% All three posts are submitted less than 24 hours past the due date and time. 70.00 \% All three posts are submitted more than 24 hours past the due date and time. AND/OR one post is submitted on time and the other two are more than 24 hours late. 0.00 \% Missing/All three posts are submitted 48 hours past the due date. Discussion Board Week 1: Review a Legislative Session Welcome to COH 435! First, please take a moment to introduce yourself to the class. Let us know one thing you have learned about public health that you perceive to be of great importance. Then, tell us what population you would like to work with when you complete your degree. Lastly, one thing you would like to learn from this course. Then.. Becoming familiar with the legislative process is an important skill for public health advocacy, prevention, and policy. Step One: Review the Senate Floor session for March 10th 2016: http://calchannel.granicus.com/MediaPlayer.php?view_id=7&clip_id=3442 Navigate to ~24 minutes into the video. There is a lag on getting the session started. After that there is a remaining 1 hour 15 minutes in length. Please review it in its entirety. The session video should be opened using Google Chrome or Firefox (Internet Explorer will not work effectively for this video) That day, the California Legislature passed a set of landmark public health bills: SBX2-5 Electronic cigarettes (Leno) SBX2-7 Tobacco products: minimum legal age (Hernandez) ABX2-7 Smoking in the workplace (Mark Stone) ABX2-9 Tobacco use programs (Thurmond) ABX2-10 Local taxes: authorization: cigarettes and tobacco products (Bloom) ABX2-11 Cigarette and tobacco product licensing: fees and funding (Nazarian) Step 2: Each bill that was passed that day has the potential to impact improvements in public health. After reviewing the video, students will select two bills that interest them and then, research and describe. 1. 1. Using the video or the bill text, briefly describe each of the bills (2-3 sentences). The bill text can be found by looking through the agenda on the right-hand side of the screen. 2. Be sure to include two specific facts you learned about each bill Step 3: Review Chapters 1 & 2 in your text. Then: http://calchannel.granicus.com/MediaPlayer.php?view_id=7&clip_id=3442 1. 1. Focusing on your text share/describe a few aspects of the policymaking process you saw take place while viewing the video. 2. Using the internet, briefly research and describe (2-3 sentences) the policymaker that wrote one of the policies you described above. Expand upon the section on p. 32 in the text about policymakers and connect to your description. Why may the policymaker support this policy? 3. Describe why government intervention is considered appropriate for the population? Peer Response Posts: You will also respond to at least two classmate posts. Review your colleagues’ posts. Using these suggestions (or come up with your own): 1. Do you believe the policy they described is needed to improve the health of the public? Why or why not? 2. Expand on the “actors” involved in the legislative process: policymakers; interest groups; lobbyists; media; citizens or health scientists/practitioners. How may they get involved with one of the policies discussed in this forum?