Fluent Essays

Subject: History Topic: East Asia Exam Type of work: Essay Level: Undergraduate Number of pages: 4 pages = 250 Grade: High Quality (Normal Charge) Formatting style: MLA Language Style: English (U.S.) Website Region: United States Customer Time: 02 Nov 2020 18:08 (GMT -08:00) 275 words per page Instructions Hide The only resources that should be used are the class notes that I have taken (attached as a word doc) and the other resources that I have attached below. The detailed instructions are attached (Essay instructions). Please use your own words, and do not use outside resources other than the ones that I have provided. Thank you! ASIA 305: SURVEY OF EAST ASIA EXAM, AUTUMN, 2020 Exam Due Date: Tuesday, November 3. Instructions This is your exam. You have one week to prepare and study for the exam. You can use your notes and readings to prepare for the exam, and you can use your notes and readings to take the exam. (Let this be your own effort, though—no sharing of exam notes with other students.) You need to set aside two hours to take the exam, and submit it to me by Tuesday, November 3, at 12:00, if you are in the ASIA 305.01 morning section; and, at 4:00, if you are in the ASIA 305.02 afternoon class. If you want to submit it to me earlier, you can do so, but do not submit it later than November 3 at the time your class’ test is due. Do not go over two hours when taking the exam; you can spend less than two hours on the exam, but you should not spend more than two hours. Use a WORD document (no PDFs) in writing up your exam, and submit your WORD document test through the Courses website, to our regular homework assignment site--it says “Asia 305 Exam”-- not to the test site. B. Identification (70%) Identify (who, what, when, where) and explain the historical significance of seven (7) of the following. Do not write more than two paragraphs for each of your responses. Zheng He voyages Tokugawa shogunate Matteo Ricci Nanking (Nanjing) Treaty the Diet Sun Yat-sen Diary of a Madman Chiang Kai-shek the Red Guards Viet Cong C. Essay Questions (30%) Choose one (1) of the following questions, and write a clear, organized, persuasive and well-supported essay in response. Your response should be 2-3 pages. 1. Describe the nature of Britain’s imperialistic enterprise in China and Asia in general, and how this enterprise changes in the last decades of the eighteenth century. From the articles set forth in the Nanking Treaty, what would you say was Britain’s main aim in prosecuting the Opium War? 2. What was the Meiji Restoration? Why is this term something of a misnomer? 3. In what ways were China’s New Culture Movement and the Maoist Cultural Revolution similar? In what ways were they different? Which movement was more destructive? Late Imperial China: the Pinnacle of Imperial Power Political Power in the Late Empire (Late Imperial China) · Ming Dynasty Despotism 1368-1644 · Rebel leader, Ming Tai Zhu or Emperor Hongwu, the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty · Despotic and tyrannical dynasty · The Emperor didn't trust his bureaucracy and scholar-officials · He thought that they were corrupt · He thinks they colluded with the Mongol dynasty · He controlled them tightly and treated them abusively · He wanted all power in his hands · He abolished prime minister and took over his duties · Conducted purges · He thought that scholar-officials tried to take him down from the throne · Therefore, he killed 15,000 people · He punished, whipped when other emperors did not do that · Thus, there were weak bureaucracy · Who was controlling the emperor? · No one; therefore, there is a despotism · After his death, his grandson tried to moderate and soften his policies · But the uncle stole the throne and restored the Ming dynasty · Zhu Di or Yongle Emperor · By the end of the Ming dynasty, there were a couple of weak emperors, where the servants used his power · Also, there was a new barbarian threat · 1644, new barbarian conquest and end of the Ming dynasty · Qing Dynasty Autocracy 1644-1911 · Kangxi Emperor 1661- 1722 - peace and stability was reestablished · Policy to recruit scholars back; restores all privileges and benefits · The civil service exam system is also restored · China returned to autocratic rule (autocracy) - power is shared btw emperor and scholar class · China is prosperous, stable, and secure · 1840, china almost loses its power and suffers because The Projection of Chinese Power · The Zheng He Voyages · This voyage was taking place during Yongle Emperor · The fact that he is emperor will explain the motives of the voyages · He stole the throne of his nephew · He was always concerned about showing his legitimacy · 1. The motivation of these voyages was to Boost his legitimacy · The Tributary system was used for military protection and trade · Ming emperors will use this system · 2. Expansion of the empire magnifies the emperor because they think the emperor is sent by heaven · 3. Prestige · Foreign relations involve political and economical power · 1405-1407: the first voyage; reach India · 1407-1409: the second voyage; reach India · 1409-1411: the third voyage; reach India · 1413-1415: the fourth voyage; reaches Persian gulf and east coast of Africa · 1417-1419: the fifth voyage; · 1421-1422: the sixth voyage · Difference: emperor dies in 1425, so there was a pause on the voyage · 1431-1433: the seventh voyage · The giraffe was a tributary gift that exalts emperor and qilin - a mythical animal only appearing in dynasties with a good emperor ruling · 50 new nations participate in the Chinese tributary empire · West coast of India, the head of the voyage conceived the seal · Chinese extending their tributary empire to the other countries · Chinese were sovereign and were recognized for their power · 1430 Chinese ended their expeditions? · Emperor who was sponsoring these voyages was interested in supporting his legitimacy, so the other emperors will not care about it · China’s relationship with the world · Curious about the outside world · They never showed any attempt to control other countries · Did not use its power with evil China and the Emerging World Economy · China has long been the richest, industrial countries in the world · What are the origins of the world economy: · 16th century during voyages of exploration · Europeans began this system as a result of the trade · China and India constituted 50% of the world economic GDP · · The world economy began in Asia in 14-1500 centered in China and India · Columbus wanted to find another route to India, he wasn’t looking for America · China let the economy bloom by itself Tokugawa Japan, 1600-1668 Tokugawa Government · Tokugawa Ieyasu wins · Becomes the new shogun until 1868 · Powerful feudal lords are names Daimyo · Well defined geo areas and populations · Lords exercise power at the local level · During Tokugawa shogun, he would limit the powers of the lords · The laws of the military houses limited the power of the lords · At the top, there were the council of elders and with the shogun, they ruled over the national affairs Tokugawa Society · Concerned about political stability through limiting social mobility · The adapted Chinese way of classifying society · Classes should be fixed and defined · In China: classes were Scholar class, peasants, craftsmen, merchants · In Japan, classes were first is samurai · Samurai is a hereditary class and should be born into a social elite · If you have peace all the time, there’s nothing for them to do · So they were the gov bureaucrats, not warriors (identity crisis) · They learned martial art for Character building ability · The literacy rate for samurai was 100% · Even peasants had a 20% rate of literacy · Japan's 79% of boys went to school, and girls were going to school (22%) Tokugawa Thought and Culture · Interest in Confucianism and European learning · Banned Europe bc he thought it will bring instability · Besides Germany; the Japanese learn things though dutch literature · Culture developed in large cities · Development of woodblock printing · Pictures of the floating world · Most famous printer: Hiroshige 1797-1858 · Collection: 100 views of Edo · Influenced westerners like van Gogh The Western Assault on the Chinese World Order · China and the West · Early contact with Portugal · First Europeans to arrive in China · Made a Trading post in Macau · China said that Europe came for their economic success · But Europe said that they came for religious reasons · Trade brought Chinese to the shores · Matteo Ricci- first catholic missionary to make an impact in china; Sponsored by Portuguese crown · Belonged to the Jesuit order · Entered China in late 1500 and by 1601, established a mission in Beijing · Chinese were intellectual opened and interested in the outside world and traditions · They opened up more bc of matteo because when he first came to China, he dressed in robes of a Buddhist monk · He thought that he was religious so he had to dress like a religious person, but later he realized that Confucians did not appreciate Buddhist teaching, so he changed to dress like the robes of a Confucian scholar · Christianity completes Confucianism · Made connection to Confucianism · Refers to god as shangdi · Another group of Catholics criticized Matteo and Jesuits because they compromise catholic faith; you should not connect Christianity to the Chinese Confucius · Jesuits appealed to the Chinese emperor and the others appeal to the roman catholic church · 1724, the Chinese emperor bans catholicism as a false teaching · Relationships between Europeans and china started out pretty good for the first 100 years sharing wisdom and sharing each other’s traditions · Later contact with Britain; second period of contact · Contact is limited to economics and trade · British established colonies in the new world (America) · In the 1770s, the British rethink their strategy that will make their colonies back · They gained their colony in India as they lost American colonies · 1773, they put one of their men in India as a head · End of 18 century, they pursue free trade empire · Britain will seek trading posts so they could trade and not rule · This was successful in china because they did not rule china but had a trade · The Tributary system was not effective in foreign relation with west · 1793, the British send ambassador lord Mccartney brought a gift to the Chinese emperor for his bday; but he wanted to change the foreign relation system to a more western style · He wants the British ambassador living in Beijing to support the relationship with the British · This did not make the emperor happy because he doesn’t wanna change the Chinese system · The Opium Trade · British discovered opium that will interest china · Grow in India and sell to china · Chinese were interested in tobacco+opium and make them pleasurable · This was addictive · End of the 1800s, 20-30% of Chinese males weer serious users of opium · Now they can use opium to get Chinese luxury goods · Opium dealers were punished · 1834, Indian company lost its trade with China, so it was chaotic · The Opium War · The Harder Line Leads to War · One scholar wanted to accept opium and continue trade · Another group of scholars wanted a harder line on opium and trade · Lin Zexu/Lin Tse-hsu - an official who was appointed to ensure the harder line · Canton trade - enforced harder line about opium trade; decrease opium use and trade · Argues with the British government with · Moral conscience · Golden rule “why you harming us · He threatened that they will cut trade with England · He set English ship on fire · 1839, they went to naval war with the Chinese · English was more advanced with naval, and Aug 1842 the Chinese surrendered · The Nanking Treaty 1842 · England says that there was misunderstanding · This treaty is for the merchants · They added 4 more locations for treaty boards; British people can reside there and do trade there (not only Canton anymore) · In perpetuity is forever · British only want to have free trade; they don’t want to rule big pieces, but just have a trade The collapse of the East Asian Order · The opening of Japan · The arrival of the Americans · 1854, the shogun did treaty with America · Set tariffs on foreign goods coming into · Japan was willing and able to transform its political ways · The Meiji restoration · The debate was that they should open up and do not open up because they will lose on japan and become more westernized · Emperor rejected about opening japan · And shogun showed his weakness that he has to go and talk to the emperor about the matter · 1866, samurais secret alliance that defeated the shogun · 1868 Samurai will call for the empirical restoration · Emperor Meiji · Controversial · Emperor restored to power · But he was never in power · Suggest the emperor will have the most political power · But the social elite will have the most power · Restoration - change inspired by the past · But they will have a revolutionary change for the future · Modernization · 1868, the 5 article oath · Knowledge court thought the world · Centralization of government · This was a smooth process · 1889- constitution created; national assembly which was similar to the British · 1920 all Japanese males were allowed to vote · Industrialization and military gain · China takes a more conservative path · They only modernize the military · Knocking down the pillars of the tributary empire · Amman (Vietnam) · The aristocratic family did not like its ruler, sot hey contacted the french and get rid of the king · 1802, Nguyen Dynasty- the new ruler · french seized the southern part of Vietnam · 1862, the french rules that part of the territory · 1882, french wanna be sovereign over Vietnam · But 1883-1885, war btw the Chinese and french to take Vietnam back to Vietnam · Treaty allowed the french to have 2 territories · Korea · Japan exploits east Asia just like Europe · Joseon kingdom · Ye dynasty · Conservative reform faction · Radical reform faction · 1894, the Japanese send troops to support the reform faction of Sino; the conservative faction asks china for help (begins Aug 1894- ends Feb 1895) · Sino Japanese naval battle Ends with Chinese defeat; this was a humiliation to china · Part of the treaty- Chinese acknowledged that China is independent of china · 1910, japan will change the situation and make Korea a second Japanese colony · 1895- Taiwan was the first Japanese colony · Chinese reform · After their defeat form japan, young reformers want to take a diff road · Kang Youwei,1898, approaches the Chinese emperor · He embraces new changes, but changes are too dramatic that conservative intervened and replaced with the older empress · She rolled back those reforms · Foreigners will intervene and force the empress to modernize china · The major change is educational reform- no more civil service exam but has western-inspired courses · Study science and math · Political reform - not to drastic Establishing the Republic of China · Sun Yat-sen and the Revolution of 1911 · Chinese students sent to japan to study modern science, medicine, and military · They thought that japan’s constitutional monarchy was not revelan to china · Japanese had a ceremony for their emperor just like british did · Chinese emperor reigned ad ruled, so if they do ceremonial role, then the emperor will seize even more power · Thus, China chose republic power like the US · Republic don’t have ceremonial role for emperor but select president · Chinese student group in japan had influence on the elite · Chinese man in Japan named, Sun Yat-sen, said that if the students will be on his side, he will help them and deliver message to the elite · Studied in hawaii and came back to hong kong; was westernized and chirstian · His vocation was revolution · 1894, first formed his first revolutionary society · Created network of branches of the society · 1905, Revolutionary alliance- new revolutionary organization, which invited westernized people like business men, secret society members, and working men · Invited common people with elite students form japan · Collected different people into one alliance · 1911, revolutionary alliance seizes its first success in Hubei in inland China · What unites these diff groups · They were anti - nanchu? · Empire was too traditional and too old · Feb 1912, the official end of the empire · People will be sovereign, so they will be the one to elect someone to rule · The Presidency of Yuan Shikai · Temporary president who was a general · Sun Yat-sen was scared there would be conflicts because he had a big army, so he let him be the president because it’s only temporary · They did not trust Yuan Shikai · Dec 1912, there would be election for national assembly who will organize presidency · Sun Yat-sen has his people, and his group form a nationalist party 1912 · They win majority in the assembly · Spring 1913, they organize the pres election · Yuan Shikai threatens this assembly with his military, but instead he demands them to support him as the new permanent president · So they support him as a president to a 5 year term · Yuan Shikai bans nationalist party and members of the party flee to Japan · Yuan Shikai is more of a dictator · Dresses like a emperor · Goes to temple of heaven and participates in ritual · Makes confucianism as a state religion · Dec 1915, forces assembly to make his a new emperor · Jan 1916, he becomes a new emperor · Not the way everything supposed to be · Several month later, though, he dies in 1916 of natural causes · 1916, china becomes more fragmented, provinces go their own way · Chinese revolution was radical compared to japan · China did not have a person to confer legitimacy or properly represent people · Even tho japan changed rapidly, emperor still has his ceremonial role · Emperor confer legitimacy on the new national assembly · The Revolution in Culture · The new culture movement · Attack on traditional chinese language · They attempted to simplify the language · They published a journal called New Youth · Everything published in the magazine was written in the simplified Chinese · They more focused on destroying old culture rather than make a new culture · The man who goes against the Confucian tradition Lu Xun · He publishes short stories · Makes new changed · He wanted to be a medical doctor and traveled to japan · In japan, he also looks at the changes happened in Japan · Comes to conclusion , china suffers more sickness of spirit than the sickness of body · Lu Xun and Madman’s Diary · Tried to eat him - metaphor to describe what is going on with chinese society · People do not care for each other and use their way to use other people for their own benefit · Confusian moral lesson: if your parents are sick, you have to cut your flesh and give them to eat · This shows that confucianism that is sick and perverse; this is not the most advanced moral teaching · He disturbed chinese leadership that makes them to rethink their loyalty to confucianism · What do they replace confucianism with? · Two things that they needed to include in the new culture: science and democracy The Nationalist Republic The political revival · The birth of the CCP · Chinese communit party · Political revival happened due to protests from Japan and the CCP is born · Russia was communists, but china did not get the idea from russia because communism can only come in industrialized country (russia was not fully tho) · China was far away from industrial country · Li Dazhao - head librarian in beijing university - cofounder of communism party · Studied marxist ideas · Mao zhedong gets introduced to communism thru this guy · Marxists came up with ideas that will save the divided china- help china and make it stronger · July 1921 first communist meeting · People were intellectuals, not like coal miners · The rebirth of the KMT · Nationalists party · Nurtured by russian communist also · Had one thing for them to do:Partner with new chinese communist · Chinese were sus about communists · Relationship is partnership between com and nat · Jan 1924 - alliance btw communism and nationalism party · March 1925, Sun Yat-sen dies · There is thus struggle for control The struggle for control · In 1926 that Chiang Kai-shek and his nationalist army will embark on a military campaign Intending to unify all of China under the leadership of the nationalist army and then the Nationalist Party · Begin in south; by 1927, his army is in control of all southern china · Greengang come out with the plot and cont inform communists · 1927, The nationalist army marches into Shanghai, but the but a prior to their entry into Shanghai, the Communists had worked with the labor unions and they were all cooperating together and And the factories were shut down the utilities were cut transportation came to a halt in order to welcome this new army. Because the Communists were assuming that they were still allies, right, so that was March 22 · April 12, The green gang then began attacking all these Communist Party members all these labor union organizers and they began attacking them arresting them executing some of the whole communist movement · Communist is mortality wounded · Apr 18, Chiang Kai-shek will establish nationalist republic and will rule china until 1949 The modern republic · Chiang Kai-shek and Song Meiling · The nationalist Republic is going to rule China from 1927 down to 1949 · 1949 communist win · 1927-1937 · Weakness of the nationalist republic · Chiang Kai-shek tries to be a political leader · Began courting shanghai industrial; The power of these industrialists wielded is best expressed in song family · Patriark of the family was early supporter or sun yat sen · Wealthy industrial · They were methodists · His children study in the US (even daughters) · Song meiling’s mother told Chiang Kai-shek to become methodist and he did · Got married and she benefited him ; modern chinese couple · Shanghai: the symbol of modern china · Become leading city in china · a major city because of this real connection to Westerners, but also historically, you know, this is the Yangtze River Delta. And so these. This was always the more advanced and more cultured part of China, even today, it is · There were new transportations, department stores, telephones · Prsotitiution was widespread, opium, criminal gang · very cosmopolitan dynamic and cultured city and it represented China's future. It was the model of modern China The Communists: down, but not out · Chiang Kai-shek didnt bring communism to the end; he suppressed the Communists in Shanghai in 1927, but they still continued their existence in the cities underground. · His main focus was elimination of the last remnants of Communists during these years from 1927 down to 1937 · Mao Zedong · Saw potential in peasant in the communist party Because communist now have had to flee to the countryside Mao begins to apply some of his ideas of revolution to these peasant movements and he actually will gain strength and so several different communist bases are established in the countryside at this time · December 1936 he flies into the neighboring city and destroy communism, but he had japanese on his aggression; commnist is disease of heart, more dangerous than japan · Gets kidnapped by generals and forced to ally with communist to stand agaisnt japan Imperial Japan Meiji: 11868 -1912 Taisho: 1912 - 1926 Showa: 1926 - 1989 The rise of Japan to Great Power Status · China were criticized as old sick men · Japanese was praised as young, strong men · Being modern is becoming more western · 1890, japanese were voting · Japan was a quick study in western ways in the economic sphere · Set economic growth and industrial strength as national goals. · for example, provided the infrastructure for the economy: train tracks were laid telegraph lines were strong that provided the infrastructure for this new economy and also the government created new systems of banking and credit · Japan is first non western nation to develop non industrialized economy · Meiji Emperor's death in 1912 mark the close of Japan's successful transition airy period · Japan went from a country that was ruled by a shogun that had an agricultural economy that was cut off from the world economy To becoming a modern industrialized nation governed by a democratic system and tied into the world economy in 44 years The Crisis of Taisho Democracy · The Economic crisis · beginning in 1980 the leader of the winning political party in the national elections served as the Prime Minister and then his party appointed men to the post in the cabinet. Similar to british system · A during the first years that the tie show period Japan actually began to Japan actually continue to enjoy the economic growth that they had seen under the Meiji period because europeans were in WWI , so the Japanese then could expand their markets in Asia · 1918 (?), war ends, and there is a slow down in japanese economy because europeans are back to compete with asian economy · The Foreign Relations crisis · Russia was enemy to britain and japan · 1905, japan go to war with russia and japan wins · BUT, during WWI Western feelings towards Japan began to change · While the Allies were happy about Japanese support they at the same time began to grow suspicious of Japan's intentions in China. · Japan seems like a threat to the west also · Four power treaty and this was a Arms Limitation pact and you know you want to limit the kinds of arms and involved, Japan, Britain, France and America · Britain and US can build 5 ships and Japan can build only 3 ships · Japanese signed the contract but theIR Democratic government seemed to be weaker because they listen to Western powers Militarism and the expansion of the empire · Militarism abroad · Weakness of democratic gov promoted militarism · Japanese governments had always tried to encourage patriotism and nationalism in the Japanese people to unify them behind the national goals, especially developing the economy, but also creating a democratic government · Japanese state really tries to make Shinto into a state religion · Secondly, the reality of the week democratic government meant that the government really had difficulty controlling the military bc of meiji constitution · Japanese people begin to look to the military, rather than to democratic governments to help them out of their crises. The military was seen as better able to provide the leadership, not only in foreign affairs, but also increasingly in domestic policy. · Emperor Shows (Hirohito) 1926 · Expand to Manchuria (north eastern on china) - rich in natural resources and big area · 1931, The Japanese army blew up some of its own railroad tracks in Manchuria and blamed it on the Chinese and they'll use that as a pretext to take over greater control military and government control over Manchuria · Manchukuo , 1932 - puppet state · by 1932 they've expanded Japanese territory · Militarism at home · Assassinations of democratic government to reinforce the militaristic government War with China · 1937 the Japanese invade China · Rape of Nanjing · from 1937 to 1941 China then was divided into three different parts. · The Japanese occupied eastern seaboard. · establish their own puppet governments. · occupy into a new economic order called Greater East Asia Co Prosperity Sphere, 1940 · They promise that in this new order, they will keep Asia, free of Western capitalism and imperialism and also safe from Russian communism. · The north western part of China ruled by the Chinese communists · The southwestern part of China ruled by the Chinese nationalists · From 1937 to the end of 1941, it was the Chinese alone who were fighting the Japanese The Pacific War Pearl Harbor and WWII · Japan signed treaty with german and italy; pack · 1941, moved soldiers into vietnam, which was a part of french · Dec 17, 1941, pearl harbor · Also hit hong kong and indonesia · US declared war on germany, italy, and germany · Priority is to defeat hitler · US aware that japanese will never give up · War without mercy · Americans precede japanese more menacing and treat them without mercy · Positive attitude to china but not japan · Naval battle; never fought asian country · Germans are nazi; japanese did not have a party that attacks and dangerous · Japanese were treated here differently by putting them in camps · 442 regiment · Dropped atomic bomb on japan not german · Racism: The war of race; racial war Hirochima and the Japanese surrender · Aug 6, 1945 atomic bomb drop on hiroshima · Aug 9 second bomb · Aug 15 japan surrendered Mao’s People’s Republic (1949-1976) The communist victory · Army grown and party membership grown · War was aid to the communist party · Civil war between chinese nationalists and communist · 1946, northern cities cut of supplies until they surrender · 1949, communist army reached nanjing nationalist capital · They take capital with little bloodshed and resistance · May 1949, take shanghai and face little resistance · Spring 1949, north china was under the communist control · Communists did not get Hongkong and taiwan · 1949 oct, in beijing , mao re established the people’s republic of china · United china under their rule and forced foreign elite to leave · thankful because they were able to reunite the china · No longer sick man of asia The new socialist order · In the cities · Remake into socialist society · Bring urban economic activity under communist party · Responsible enforcing communist policies in workplace · You have absolute workplace · Iron rice bowl - set workplace · Industry grew rapidly because china was at peace · In the countryside · Not very successful · Most of the followers were not industrial workers · 1950, The Agrarian Reform Law - empowered the party and gov to confiscate land that belonged to landlord · Collective system - Agricultural households were organized together where they would share the work, and then depending on how much they contributed to to the work they would get a certain share the harvest · Unfortunately, this change did not result in increases in agricultural production. In fact, I mean, there was a little bit of progress, like it was, but it was like a 2% increase a year, which was very disappointing to the Communist Party because they thought agricultural production would grow 10- 15% a year · 80% of China's population is in the countryside and is working in an agricultural area, so that's the biggest part of the population. The great leap forward 1957 · Division in communist party · Solution to increase agricultural production was that the the peasants needed to be more responsible for their own for their own production targets · Give more control to peasants to encourage to produce more and make high goals · Utopian communists vs orthodox marxists · Marxism taught that a society had to go through certain necessary stages in in order to develop · Every society began in a feudal stage then you had to go through a capitalist stage of development and economic development · then that needed to be followed by a socialist stage. And finally, at the very end of all these different stages of development, then you could have communist society · you have to have decades of economic development industrial development before you could have communism · ON THE OTHER HAND Mao said that China could leap over all these economic stages of development of economic stages · There were 15 to 20% growth in one year, but were based on imagination · For it to come true, they for example need to manufacture more trucks and silons · government comes in and they want a certain percentage of the harvest as the tax; And they they tax according to the report that they got well the report is exaggerated, thus leaving these communes with much less harvest than they expected · There were 2.54 % rate of death because of famine ( man made famine) · The policies of the Great Leap Forward campaign were finally abandoned in late 1960 and at that time because of the disaster that ensued Mao lost a lot of influence he had to step down as the head of the state. So he's no longer president, but still chairman of the party The cultural revolution 1966-1976 · Mao chooses his cast of leaders · Red capitals · Head of the army - lin bao · Quotations of german mao · Jiang qing - his wife · Pick her to head up the cultural institutions of china: movies, media, and newspaper will be under her control · Cultural revolution · it began as a campaign to radically change culture; attack traditional chinese culture and western culture · purge the party and the state of all those belonging to the other faction of the party, who followed the orthodox Marxist line · In June of 1966 Mao began to enlist young people, high school students and college students in a new movement, the Cultural Revolution · And these students begin to form what are called the Red Guards. · They would attack their profs and other elders for being against communism · Arrest and imprison people, even the presidents · the first target of the Red Guards is this other faction of the Communist Party · A second target is culture : four Olds: old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits; traditional and western culture