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E I G H T H E D I T I O N PROGRAMMING LOGIC AND DESIGN COMPREHENSIVE VERSION J O Y C E F A R R E L L Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. 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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. www.cengage.com/highered Programming Logic and Design, Comprehensive version, Eighth Edition Joyce Farrell Senior Product Manager: Jim Gish Senior Content Developer: Alyssa Pratt Development Editor: Dan Seiter Content Project Manager: Jennifer Feltri-George Product Assistant: Gillian Daniels Senior Market Development Manager: Eric La Scola Marketing Manager: Gretchen Swann Art Director: Cheryl Pearl, GEX Publishing Services Text Designer: GEX Publishing Services Cover Designer: GEX Publishing Services Image Credit: © Kasia/Shutterstock.com Manufacturing Planner: Julio Esperas Copyeditor: Michael Beckett Proofreader: Lisa Weidenfeld Indexer: Alexandra Nickerson Compositor: Integra © 2015 Cengage Learning. WCN: 02-200-203 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Unless otherwise credited, all art and tables © 2015 Cengage Learning, produced by Integra. Cengage Learning reserves the right to revise this publication and make changes from time to time in its content without notice. Printed in the U nited States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17 16 15 14 13 Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. www.cengagebrain.com www.cengage.com/global mailto:[email protected] https://cengage.com/permissions www.cengage.com/support https://Kasia/Shutterstock.com iii Brief Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix C HAP T E R 1 An Overview of Computers and Programming . . 1 C HAP T E R 2 Elements of High-Quality Programs . . . . . . 38 C HAP T E R 3 Understanding Structure . . . . . . . . . . . 87 C HAP T E R 4 Making Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 C HAP T E R 5 Looping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 C HAP T E R 6 Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 C HAP T E R 7 File Handling and Applications . . . . . . . 274 C HAP T E R 8 Advanced Data Handling Concepts . . . . . 321 C HAP T E R 9 Advanced Modulariza tion Techniques . . . . 371 C HAP T E R 1 0 Object-Oriented Prog ramming . . . . . . . 427 C HAP T E R 1 1 More Object-Oriented Programming Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 C HAP T E R 1 2 Event-Driven GUI Progra mming, Multithreading, and Animation . . . . . . . 514 C HAP T E R 1 3 System Modeling with the UML . . . . . . . 547 C HAP T E R 1 4 Using Relational Databases . . . . . . . . 579 A PP E N D I X A Understa nding Numbering Systems and Computer Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 A PP E N D I X B Solving Difficult Structuring Problems . . . . 633 A PP E N D I X C Creating Print Charts . . . . . . . . . . . 642 A PP E N D I X D Two Variations on the Basic Structures— case and do-while . . . . . . . . .644 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. iv Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix C HAP T E R 1 An Overview of Computers and Programming . . 1 Understanding Computer Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Understanding Simple Program Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Understanding the Program Development Cycle . . . . . . . . . . 7 Using Pseudocode Statements and Flowchart Symbols . . . . . . 14 Using a Sentinel Value to End a Program . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Understanding Programming and User Environments . . . . . . . 23 Understanding the Evolution of Programming Models . . . . . . . 26 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 C HAP T E R 2 Elements of High-Quality Programs . . . . . . 38 Declaring and Using Variables and Constants . . . . . . . . . . 39 Performing Arithmetic Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Understanding the Advantages of Modularization . . . . . . . . . 51 Modularizing a Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Creating Hierarchy Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Features of Good Program Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 C HAP T E R 3 Understanding Structure . . . . . . . . . . . 87 The Disadvantages of Unstructured Spaghetti Code . . . . . . . 88 Understanding the Three Basic Structures . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Using a Priming Input to Structure a Program . . . . . . . . . . 99 Understanding the Reasons for Structure . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Recognizing Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Structuring and Modularizing Unstructured Logic . . . . . . . . .110 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. v C HAP T E R 4 C HAP T E R 5 C HAP T E R 6 Making Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Boolean Expressions and the Selection Structure . . . . . . . .126 Using Relational Comparison Operators . . . . . . . . . . . .131 Understanding AND Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Understanding OR Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 Understanding NOT Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 Making Selections within Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 Understanding Precedence When Combining AND and OR Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168 Looping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Understanding the Advantages of Looping . . . . . . . . . . .178 Using a Loop Control Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Nested Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 Avoiding Common Loop Mistakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 Using a for Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 Common Loop Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 Comparing Selections and Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218 Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Storing Data in Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227 How an Array Can Replace Nested Decisions . . . . . . . . . .230 Using Constants with Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 Searching an Array for an Exact Match . . . . . . . . . . . . .241 Using Parallel Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246 Searching an Array for a Range Match . . . . . . . . . . . . .253 Remaining within Array Bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257 Using a for Loop to Process an Array . . . . . . . . . . . . .261 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. C O N T E N T S C HAP T E R 7 vi C HAP T E R 8 C HAP T E R 9 File Handling and Applications . . . . . . . 274 Understanding Computer Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275 Understanding the Data Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277 Performing File Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279 Understanding Control Break Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286 Merging Sequential Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 Master and Transaction File Processing . . . . . . . . . . . .301 Random Access Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314 Advanced Data Handling Concepts . . . . . 321 Understanding the Need for Sorting Data . . . . . . . . . . . .322 Using the Bubble Sort Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 Sorting Multifield Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342 Using the Insertion Sort Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345 Using Multidimensional Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349 Using Indexed Files and Linked Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363 Advanced Modulariza tion Techniques . . . . 371 The Parts of a Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372 Using Methods with no Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373 Creating Methods that Require Parameters . . . . . . . . . . .376 Creating Methods that Return a Value . . . . . . . . . . . . .384 Passing an Array to a Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391 Overloading Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398 Using Predefined Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405 Method Design Issues: Implementation Hiding, Cohesion, and Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407 Understanding Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .418 Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. vii C HAP T E R 1 0 C HAP T E R 1 1 C HAP T E R 1 2 Object-Oriented Programming . . . . . . . 427 Principles of Object-Oriented Programming . . . . . . . . . . .428 Defining Classes and Creating Class Diagrams . . . . . . . . .435 Understanding Public and Private Access . . . . . . . . . . . .444 Organizing Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448 Understanding Instance Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449 Understanding Static Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454 Using Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .462 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .463 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465 More Object-Oriented Programming Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Understanding Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472 Understanding Destructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479 Understanding Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481 Understanding Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .482 An Example of Using Predefined Classes: Creating GUI Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494 Understanding Exception Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495 Reviewing the Advantages of Object-Oriented Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .503 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .504 Event-Driven GUI Progra mming, Multithreading, and Animation . . . . . . . 514 Understanding Event-Driven Programming . . . . . . . . . . . .515 User-Initiated Actions and GUI Components . . . . . . . . . . .518 Designing Graphical User Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521 Developing an Event-Driven Application . . . . . . . . . . . . .524 Understanding Threads and Multithreading . . . . . . . . . . .532 Creating Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .540 Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. C O N T E N T S C HAP T E R 1 3 viii C HAP T E R 1 4 A PP E N D I X A A PP E N D I X B A PP E N D I X C A PP E N D I X D System Modeling with the UML . . . . . . . 547 Understanding System Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .548 What is the UML? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549 Using UML Use Case Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551 Using UML Class and Object Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . .557 Using Other UML Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .561 Deciding When to Use the UML and Which UML Diagrams to Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .571 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .572 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .573 Using Relational Databases . . . . . . . . 579 Understanding Relational Database Fundamentals . . . . . . . .580 Creating Databases and Table Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . .582 Identifying Primary Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584 Understanding Database Structure Notation . . . . . . . . . . .587 Working with Records within Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . .588 Creating Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589 Understanding Relationships Between Tables . . . . . . . . . .592 Recognizing Poor Table Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .598 Understanding Anomalies, Normal Forms, and Normalization . . .600 Database Performance and Security Issues . . . . . . . . . . .609 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .611 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .613 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .616 Understanding Numbering Systems and Computer Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 Solving Difficult Structuring Problems . . . . 633 Creating Print Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 Two Variations on the Basic Structures— case and do-while . . . . . . . . . . . . 644 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ix Preface Programming Logic and Design, Comprehensive, Eighth Edition provides the beginning programmer with a guide to developing structured program logic. This textbook assumes no programming language experience. The writing is nontechnical and emphasizes good programming practices. The examples are business examples; they do not assume mathematical background beyond high school business math. Additionally, the examples illustrate one or two major points; they do not contain so many features that students become lost following irrelevant and extraneous details. The examples in this book have been created to provide students with a sound background in logic, no matter what programming languages they eventually use to write programs. This book can be used in a stand-alone logic course that students take as a prerequisite to a programming course, or as a companion book to an introductory programming text using any programming language. Organization and Coverage Programming Logic and Design, Comprehensive, Eighth Edition introduces students to programming concepts and enforces good style and logical thinking. General programming concepts are introduced in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 discusses using data and introduces two important concepts: modularization and creating high-quality programs. It is important to emphasize these topics early so that students start thinking in a modular way and concentrate on making their programs efficient, robust, easy to read, and easy to maintain. Chapter 3 covers the key concepts of structure, including what structure is, how to recognize it, and most importantly, the advantages to writing structured programs. This chapter’s content is unique among programming texts. The early overview of structure presented here gives students a solid foundation in thinking in a structured way. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 explore the intricacies of decision making, looping, and array manipulation. Chapter 7 provides details of file handling so students can create programs that process a significant amount of data. In Chapters 8 and 9, students learn more advanced techniques in array manipulation and modularization. Chapters 10 and 11 provide a thorough yet accessible introduction to concepts and terminology used in object-oriented programming. Students learn about classes, objects, instance and static class members, constructors, destructors, inheritance, and the advantages of object-oriented thinking. Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. P R E F A C E Organization and Coverage x Chapter 12 explores additional object-oriented programming issues: event-driven GUI programming, multithreading, and animation. Chapter 13 discusses system design issues and details the features of the Unified Modeling Language. Chapter 14 is a thorough introduction to important database concepts that business programmers should understand. Four appendices instruct students in working with numbering systems, large unstructured programs, print charts, and post-test loops and case structures. Programming Logic and Design combines text explanation with flowcharts and pseudocode examples to provide students with alternative means of expressing structured logic. Numerous detailed, full-program exercises at the end of each chapter illustrate the concepts explained within the chapter, and reinforce understanding and retention of the material presented. Programming Logic and Design distinguishes itself from other programming logic books in the following ways: It is written and designed to be non-language specific. The logic used in this book can be applied to any programming language. The examples are everyday business examples; no special knowledge of mathematics, accounting, or other disciplines is assumed. The concept of structure is covered earlier than in many other texts. Students are exposed to structure naturally, so they will automatically create properly designed programs. Text explanation is interspersed with both flowcharts and pseudocode so students can become comfortable with these logic development tools and understand their interrelationship. Screen shots of running programs also are included, providing students with a clear and concrete image of the programs’ execution. Complex programs are built through the use of complete business examples. Students see how an application is constructed from start to finish instead of studying only segments of programs. Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xi Features This text focuses on helping students become better programmers and understand the big picture in program development through a variety of key features. In addition to chapter Objectives, Summaries, and Key Terms, these useful features will help students regardless of their learning style. FLOWCHARTS, figures, and illustrations provide the reader with a visual learning experience. THE DON’T DO IT ICON illustrates how NOT to do something—for example, having a dead code path in a program. This icon provides a visual jolt to the student, are NOT to be emulated and making students more careful to recognize problems in existing code. Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xii F E A T U R E S TWO TRUTHS & A LIE mini quizzes appear after each chapter section, with answers provided. The quiz contains three statements based on the preceding section of text—two statements are true and one is false. Answers give immediate feedback without “giving away” answers to the multiple-choice questions and programming problems later in the chapter. Students also have the option to take these quizzes electronically through the enhanced CourseMate site. VIDEO LESSONS help explain important chapter concepts. Videos are part of the text’s enhanced CourseMate site. NOTES provide additional information— for example, another location in the book that expands on a topic, or a common error to watch out for. Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xiii Assessment REVIEW QUESTIONS test student comprehension of the major ideas and techniques presented. Twenty questions follow each chapter. PROGRAMMING EXERCISES provide opportunities to practice concepts. These exercises increase in diffculty and allow students to …