Fluent Essays

For this task, you will summarize the indicators and measurement strategy you have selected for your program evaluation and discuss concepts of reliability and validity for that measurement strategy. PHE 423 Module Five Short Essay Guidelines and Rubric Program Evaluation Measurement Method Overview: For this short essay, due in Module Five, you will summarize the indicators and measurement strategy you have selected for your program evaluation and discuss concepts of reliability and validity for that measurement strategy. Prompt: First, synthesize the feedback you received from your group on your measurement strategy, and review Chapters 7 and 11 of the textbook, as well as Step 4 of the CDC framework (pp. 56–73). In a 2–3 paragraph short essay, briefly summarize the program you are evaluating and which evaluation design you have selected for your project, and address the following:  Measurement Strategy: Develop a measurement strategy for your program evaluation that defines the general methods and specific tools you will use to collect data. Consider the indicators that will be used in the evaluation. How have these indicators been used in other program evaluations? What measurement strategies will be used to collect data on these indicators (e.g., surveys, observation, health records)? In what ways will you collect the data (e.g., phone survey, mail survey, interview)?  Validity: Justify your measurement strategy in terms of validity. What are the internal validity characteristics of your measure? What are the external validity concepts that may be considered for your measurement strategy?  Reliability: What are the reliability characteristics of your measures (e.g., internal consistency, stability)? Justify your measurement strategy using the concepts of reliability. Be sure to address both the internal consistency and stability of your measurement strategy. Be sure to incorporate instructor feedback on this assignment into your final project. Refer to the textbook, the CDC Framework, and other course resources to support the indicators and instruments chosen and/or the reliability and validity characteristics of the measures. Rubric Guidelines for Submission: The short essay should follow these formatting guidelines: 2–3 paragraphs in length, with double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, one-inch margins, and citations in APA style. https://www.cdc.gov/eval/guide/cdcevalmanual.pdf Critical Elements Exemplary (100%) Proficient (75%) Needs Improvement (55%) Not Evident (0%) Value Measurement Strategy Meets “Proficient” criteria and demonstrates sophisticated ability to develop a measurement strategy for a program evaluation Develops a measurement strategy for the program evaluation that defines the general methods and specific tools that will be used to collect data Develops a measurement strategy for the program evaluation that defines the general methods and specific tools that will be used to collect data, but strategy is illogical or contains inaccuracies Does not develop a measurement strategy for the program evaluation that defines the general methods or specific tools that will be used to collect data 30 Validity Meets “Proficient” criteria and demonstrates sophisticated understanding of both the internal and external validity Justifies the measurement strategy in terms of both internal and external validity Justifies the measurement strategy in terms of validity, but justification is cursory or illogical or does not address both internal and external validity Does not justify the measurement strategy in terms of validity 30 Reliability Meets “Proficient” criteria and demonstrates sophisticated understanding of the concepts of reliability Justifies the measurement strategy using the concepts of reliability and addresses both the internal consistency and stability of the measurement strategy Justifies the measurement strategy using the concepts of reliability, but justification is cursory or illogical or does not address both the internal consistency and stability of the measurement strategy Does not justify the measurement strategy using the concepts of reliability 30 Articulation of Response Submission is free of errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, and organization and is presented in a professional and easy-to-read format Submission has no major errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization Submission has major errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization that negatively impact readability and articulation of main ideas Submission has critical errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization that prevent understanding of ideas 10 Total 100% Running head: PHE 423 MODULE ONE SHORT ESSAY 1 PHE 423 MODULE ONE SHORT ESSAY 5 PHE 423 Module One Short Essay Artis Johnson Evaluation Methods in Public Health Dr. Keven Syverson Southern New Hampshire University PHE 423 Module One Short Essay I chose to focus my studies on the Racial and Ethnic Applications to Community Health (REACH) Program. This program on the CDC website is located under the Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity tab. Equality in all facets concerning race and ethnicity is fundamental within public health. As a Human Resources Lead, equality in the realm of ethnicity and race. Others can easily propound it negatively and positively. Furthermore, I will be viewing Dekalb County, Georgia, researching their Community Health Involvement Plan (CHIP) that corresponds with the REACH program. The logic model of my program is: · Input: Program sponsored by CDC · Activities: Plan, implement, and evaluate · Outputs: oversee those activities are running as planned · Outcomes: Guarantee that African Americans and Hispanics are benefitting from the program · Impacts: Ensuring the steps above are making a positive and influential effect The CHIP emphasizes Literacy, Economic Development, and Healthy Environments (Georgia Department of Public Health: North Central Health District, 2020). Every person who resides in Dekalb County, Georgia, is included in the target population concentrated through equity, respect, and service. Dekalb county addresses service as working to meet the requirements of the county. Equity is handled by wanting a high level of health for all citizens. Respect is focused on making sure that all citizens know that their opinion matters. The LEAD DeKalb initiative of the DeKalb County Board of Health is improving the health of African Americans by increasing access to healthier foods at community venues through mobile markets and improved voucher incentive programs; establishing lactation support services; establishing new or improved pedestrian and bicycle transportation systems; connecting the priority population to appropriate and locally available health programs; expanding the use of health professionals to increase referrals (CDC, n.d.).  While researching this program, I hope to establish that health disparities can and will be foregone with the proper funding. The audience I would like to target is the CDC governmental representatives and board members. The main objective for conducting this evaluation will be to define if there is an actual disparity and if the program is working to correct them. The importance of ending health gaps state by the CDC, “A core principle of public health is that every person should be able to reach their full health potential. CDC seeks to remove barriers to health caused by race or ethnicity, education, income, location, or other social factors” (CDC, n.d.).  References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, July 8). REACH 2018 recipients. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/state-local-programs/reach/current_programs/recipients.html. Home. North Central Health District. (2021, September 2). https://northcentralhealthdistrict.org/. Determining the Focus of the Evaluation Artis Johnson Dr. Keven Syverson PHE-423 September 19, 2021 Evaluation Questions: Specify 3–5 Evaluation Questions That Will Be the Focus of Your Program Evaluation Plan The multiple questions focused upon in our program evaluation plan are pretty exciting and very important. The first and foremost question that will be explored and focused upon in this program evaluation plan is, do the people of color that make up the 45% of the population present in the district know about the CDC health guidelines for prevention and control of the spread of the COVID-19 disease (CDC 2021). The second question under focus is assessing and determining the level of awareness present in the community and linking it with the program`s stage of development in the community. If there is less awareness, the program needs to start from the basics, and awareness needs to be provided from the fundamental level. However, suppose it is determined that a good part of the population has gained understanding regarding the matter. In that case, the later program stages of development can be said to be worked upon. While the third and the last question that will be stressed upon in this program evaluation plan is whether all the resources required to successfully conduct the program will be available in the community or not. The various constraints like the language barriers, cultural barriers, and other health and technology-related barriers that can cause limitations in the progress, or the development and the implementation of the program will also be determined and evaluated. The access the people have to the media and technology, how these members of the community can be reached out too, and the availability of the finances will also be focused upon in this paper as it will help in answering the question regarding the hurdles or constraints that are present (Samantha, 2020). References: CDC. (2021, March 1). Public health guidance for community-related exposure. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved September 12, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/public-health-recommendations.html. Nambi Ndugga and Samantha Artiga May 11. (2021, May 12). Disparities in health and health CARE: 5 key questions and answers. KFF. Retrieved September 12, 2021, from https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/disparities-in-health-and-health-care-5-key-question-and-answers/. Running head: PHE 423 FINAL PROJECT MILESTONE ONE 1 PHE 423 FINAL PROJECT MILESTONE ONE 4 PHE 423 Module Two Milestone One Artis Johnson Evaluation Methods in Public Health Dr. Keven Syverson Southern New Hampshire University PHE 423 Final Project Milestone One Introduction Addressing healthcare concepts remains a top priority among the human genre, which is evident in various governments' health programs. The CDC has several health programs which ensure human lives and protected or improved (CDC 2021). I chose the Public Health Guidance for community-related Exposure program found under the title Covid -19 partner calls. There is a need to address arising pandemics in human societies. Concerned organizations have therefore created preparedness responses. The rise of the corona pandemic among the world communities has led to the setting of new programs on top of the existing ones by the CDC. The community selected is the communities of color in the district of Colombia. The communities of color are the better choice for the program as they record underlying health and economic disparity.    The Logic of the program will include: Inputs-these are resources needed to ensure the program runs as planned in the communities. · Activities-The set actions to be done by staff with resources available. · Outputs-The tangible activities that are going to be carried to see the pandemic contained in the areas.  · Outcome- The changes in the conditions measured in terms of positivity rate among the residents in the district of Colombia. · Impacts – How the vaccination among other set programs influences the daily activities.  · Moderators- The existing measures that can hinder the outcome of the program, such as vaccine propaganda. For the program to succeed, the stakeholders such as the health service organizations, patients, medical staff, municipalities, and local authorities are consulted. These stakeholders are to be involved in planning, creating policies if the program is to succeed. The involvement of the stakeholders is essential in curbing the spread of the virus and reducing exposure levels.  Overview of health issues  The breakout of covid-19 found many communities unaware as it traveled faster than expected. Like in many states in the U.S, the Colombia district was hit and affected by the pandemic. Early results suggest that the community of color makes up to 45% of the district (Samantha, 2020). The community is at high risk of exposure given the high number of people experiencing serious illness. Further, the community faces hurdles in accessing Covid-19-related testing and treatment since they have limited health insurance. The recent statistics also show that 59% of the color community was exposed to Covid. Therefore, the CDC program targets the community of color in the Columbia DISTRICT, WHO ARE is more vulnerable to exposure. What to accomplish The set program aims to target the elderly and the youths. The two sets of cohorts serve various reasons as far as exposure to covid-19 is concerned. Public Health Guidance for community-related exposure needs to target the elderly since they are more elderly. On the other hand, the youths are super spreaders and need to be educated given their moves and extensive interaction in the community (CDC 2021). CDC comprehensive data on race and ethnicity is vital in evaluating the level of exposure and risks of spreading the virus. Program Goals  · To reach masses through education, vaccination, and raise concern community of color · To follow CDC health guidelines on exposure. · To expound on personal prevention strategies and social distance. Social theories that apply to the program  Behavioral theory suits the program since it is learning-centered. The masses and the community are deemed to learn through training and involvement in the issue at hand. Teaching the community how to respond to Covid -19 directly changes their behavior, and the healthcare programs create an enabling environment that acts as a motivating factor. The second applicable theory is social care, where stakeholders take control. The service provider, in this case, is the CDC, and some of the stakeholders take a higher degree of control in controlling the exposure. Health Disparities There are higher rates of illness and death rates among the community of color, which leads to people meeting up in one way or another. The increased rate of illness and diseases is a risk of exposure and increased mortality among the elderly. Moreover, the economic struggles among the communities of color are characterized by poor living conditions, working, transportation, and living (Samantha, 2020). Therefore, there are limited insurance covers to meet the hospitalization of the people in such communities. Social Determinants of Health in the community  Social-economic status is one of the determinants of the health community as the program will see identify those who can pay for Covid related illnesses and access to medical covers. The second determinant is education (Samantha, 2020). The education level of the community outlines the ease of reaching out to people and enlightening them about the pandemic. The physical environment also defines the control and exposure of the communal members to the virus (Nambi and Samantha 2021). The gatherings in churches, schools, and public amenities determine how the exposure is to be handled. The other social determinant is the existing social support networks to reach the masses, creating larger community members access. The program ensures that all the directives and activities among the community of color are taken into consideration. References CDC. (2021, March 1). Public health guidance for community-related exposure. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved September 12, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/public-health-recommendations.html. Nambi Ndugga and Samantha Artiga May 11. (2021, May 12). Disparities in health and health CARE: 5 key questions and answers. KFF. Retrieved September 12, 2021, from https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/disparities-in-health-and-health-care-5-key-question-and-answers/. Samantha , A. (2020, April 8). Communities of color at higher risk for health and economic challenges due To covid-19. KFF. Retrieved September 12, 2021, from https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/communities-of-color-at-higher-risk-for-health-and-economic-challenges-due-to-covid-19/. Running Head: EVALUATION 1 EVALUATION 6 Final Project Milestone Two Artis Johnson Dr. Keven Syverson PHE-423 September 26, 2021 The racial and ethnic application to community health (REACH) was chosen as the Public Health Program for the evaluation. The division of Nutrition, physical activity and, capacity of the centers for Disease Control and Prevention oversees this initiative. This program's objective is to eliminate racial and ethnic health inequalities (CDC, 2021). Individuals, communities, society, culture and environment impose an impact on the health gaps. The REACH partners address these issues through the involvement of the community people regarding the development and implementation of various initiatives in that particular area. For the commencement of this program, the area of DeKalb County, Georgia, is chosen and selected because of their "Community Health Involvement Plan (CHIP)" as it matches with the REACH program. The stage of development of this program is aimed at targets both the elders and the youth. Considering the situation of covid-19, two cohorts are made for different purposes. Due to the increased age of the elderly, Public Health guidance for community-related exposure will be focusing on them. Considering the energy of the teenagers and their extensive involvement in society, the teenagers will be given the necessary education. There will be increased involvement of LEAD DeKalb as it provides community services to the elders, parent education and will also be helpful in educating the teenagers fulfilling the goals of this evaluation program (LEAD DeKalb. (2018).  Community stakeholders involve all the relevant and concerned individuals who are directly or indirectly affected by this program. This program will also comprise CHIP, emphasizing economic development, literacy, and a healthy environment. For the evaluation of this program, the target population will comprise all the individuals residing in DeKalb County, Georgia. DeKalb county beauty services, as a collaborative effort to meet the account, is made. Equity is addressed by seeking a good degree of health for all the residents. Respect is centered on ensuring that all individuals are aware that their participation and opinion holds importance. The DeKalb County Board of health's LEAD DeKalb initiative aims to improve the health of the residents of DeKalb County without any racism, including African Americans. It involves establishing lactation support services, providing access to two healthy foods through the implementation of the mobile market, and establishing the Health Care Centers as a Priority for the betterment of the presidents (CDC, 2021). For this program evaluation, a process evaluation approach will be utilized.  The reason for choosing this method of evaluation lies in its benefit during the implementation of the program.  This evaluation program is aimed at the assessment of the type, amount pro provided and activities. (Rural Health Information Hub, 2017). The evaluation method of the process is used for the examination of the effectiveness of a program during its operation. Evaluation is also necessary to determine whether the execution of the plan is going in the right direction according to the goals and to check whether the program is acceptable and unacceptable by the concerned population (CDC, 2021). The technique of process evaluation is beneficial since it provides early notice of any relevant potential issues. This technique also allows the programs to assess the effectiveness of the program goals along with the benefits of the activities under this program. The process evaluation provides all the basic information, which becomes helpful in determining the effectiveness of the program because it highlights all the details. For example, whether the activities are taking place in the right direction, who is in charge of these activities, what goals are being achieved through the conduction of these activities, and optimum inputs have been provided for the smooth continuation of the program.   Considering the stage of development of our program, there is the involvement of both the young and the elderly. As activities for both differ, the process evaluation will help assess checklists that can highlight the program's performance. As the main purpose of our program is increased awareness among the population of DeKalb, different studies will be adapted according to the age category. Considering the stage of development, a process evaluation method will be most suitable as it will provide the necessary assessment of the implemented program (CDC, 2021). In order to successfully evaluate the program, it is necessary to have relevant questions which will provide a goal for the evaluation. The main focus of the implementation of the program is aware of the guidelines regarding the prevention and control of covid-19. Considering the goal of our program implementation, the first question will focus on the fact that the majority of the population of DeKalb is aware of the guidelines issued by CDC with the method of implementation of this program? This question will help evaluate the effectiveness and success of implementation methods to achieve the program's goals. The next question under consideration is the analysis of levels of awareness among the general public and how the stakeholders interpret these goals? This question will allow the evaluators to understand the benefit of the implementation of a program to the general public and how it has impacted the stakeholders who were supporting this plan. The third question is, “is there availability of the necessary inputs for the successful implementation of the program” this question will allow us to understand that the program can be beneficial if the necessary inputs are available. For the evaluation, different measurement strategies will include the focus group surveys based on the individuals of DeKalb County and the stakeholders (Sullivan, 2011). The major focus of process evaluation is the implementation of the process and attempts towards the determination of the success of the applied model or strategy. Process evaluation majorly focuses on the integration of inputs, activities and outputs. Regarding the implementation of this plan in DeKalb county Georgia, process evaluation can give us the results in a distinct way allowing the evaluators to understand whether the implementation was a success or failure. In the case of implementation, a failure is expected, which allows the evaluators to understand and verify why the plan was unsuccessful. Through the process evaluation, we can understand the situation and compensate for them in order to make the outline successful. It gives a timely evaluation during the process providing chances to make improvements, ultimately leading to the identification of the issues or problems as the principal aim of the implementation of this plan in DeKalb county was spreading awareness of the guidelines regarding covid-19 and its vaccination. Through process evaluation, we can evaluate the success of the plan (Saunders, Evans & Joshi, 2005). In case of failure, our targets for the implementation of the plan will not be fulfilled, which were spreading awareness in the majority of the population. The failure can be due to the non-availability of the inputs which were needed to carry out activities with the youngsters, or there might be the lack of sufficient trained staff in local communities. This type of evaluation gives an idea about insufficiency in terms of inputs and human resources. It also allows evaluation to see if there is an issue with the implemented strategy; for example, the plan is implemented with the aim of spreading awareness. Therefore, if there is a communication barrier due to language or lack of Means of communication, it can be identified because it offers questions that will be used for the evaluation. The flaws of the strategy can be resolved, and a similar strategy can be used in the future. References CDC. (2021, July 9). REACH 2014 Awardees. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/state-local-programs/reach/current_programs/recipients.html. CDC. (2021, June 30). Health departments. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/public-health-recommendations.html LEAD DeKalb. (2018). Local efforts to address disparities in DeKalb. DeKalb County Board of Health. https://www.dekalbhealth.net/office-of-chronic-disease-prevention/local-efforts-to-address-disparities-in-dekalb-lead-dekalb/ Rural Health Information Hub. (2017). Types of evaluation in health promotion and disease prevention programs - RHIhub toolkit. https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/toolkits/health-promotion/4/types-of-evaluation Saunders, R. P., Evans, M. H., & Joshi, P. (2005). Developing a process-evaluation plan for assessing health promotion program implementation: a how-to guide. Health promotion practice, 6(2), 134-147. Sullivan, G. M. (2011). A primer on the validity of assessment instruments. PHE 423 Module Three Short Essay Guidelines and Rubric Determining the Focus of the Evaluation Overview: For this short essay, due in Module Three, you will develop the evaluation questions that will be used in your final program evaluation plan. The questions should address stakeholder needs, the program stage of development in the community, and the evaluation resources and constraints for the evaluation (e.g., money, deadlines, access to informants and sites). This task will inform your work on Final Project Milestone Two: Program Evaluation, due in Module Four. Prompt: First, review Step 3 of the CDC Framework in Introduction to Program Evaluation for Public Health Programs: A Self-Study Guide (pp. 42–55), as well as the article A Framework for Program Evaluation. Next, address the following critical elements to establish the evaluation questions that will be used in your final program evaluation plan:  Summary: Briefly summarize the public health program, community, and stakeholders that you identified in Milestone One.   Stages of Development: At what stage of development has the public health issue progressed to within the community? Discuss briefly.  Evaluation Standards: Answer these questions for your evaluation, using the CDC Framework evaluation standards: o Specificity: What is the purpose of the evaluation? o Utility: Who is the evaluation for? o Feasibility: What are the time and resources available to do the evaluation?   Evaluation Questions: Specify 3–5 evaluation questions that will be the focus of your program evaluation plan.  Challenges: Identify and discuss the challenges that you are likely to encounter in this evaluation and how you might overcome these in the following  areas: o Prioritizing stakeholder needs. o Stage of development of the program. o Resources and constraints for the evaluation. Be sure to consider the logic model you developed as part of Milestone One and develop questions that can be used to evaluate some part of the identified program activities, inputs, outputs, and short- and long-term health outcomes. Refer to the CDC Framework, the article, and other course resources to support your choice of evaluation questions. https://www.cdc.gov/eval/guide/cdcevalmanual.pdf https://www.cdc.gov/eval/framework/index.htm Rubric Guidelines for Submission: The short essay should follow these formatting guidelines: 2–3 paragraphs in length, with double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, one-inch margins, and citations in APA style. Critical Elements Exemplary (100%) Proficient (75%) Needs Improvement (55%) Not Evident (0%) Value Summary Meets "Proficient" criteria and summary contains original ideas that provide clear insight Summarizes the public health program, community, and stakeholders that were identified in Milestone One Summarizes the public health program, community, and stakeholders that were identified in Milestone One, but summary is cursory or lacking in detail Does not summarize the public health program, community, and stakeholders that were identified in Milestone One 18 Stages of Development Meets "Proficient" criteria and discussion demonstrates sophisticated understanding of the stages of development Identifies and briefly discusses the stage of development that the public health issue has progressed to within the community Identifies, but does not sufficiently discuss, the stage of development that the public health issue has progressed to within the community Does not identify the stage of development that the public health issue has progressed to within the community 18 Evaluation Standards Meets "Proficient" criteria and description is supported by research Describes the specificity, utility, and feasibility of the public health evaluation using the CDC Framework evaluation standards Describes the specificity, utility, and feasibility of the public health evaluation using the CDC Framework evaluation standards, but description is cursory or lacking in detail Does not describe the specificity, utility, and feasibility of the public health evaluation using the CDC Framework evaluation standards 18 Evaluation Questions Meets "Proficient" criteria and questions demonstrate sophisticated understanding of course concepts Provides 3–5 evaluation questions that will be the focus of the public health evaluation plan Provides 3–5 evaluation questions that will be the focus of the public health evaluation plan, but questions are not clear or relevant Does not provide 3–5 evaluation questions that will be the focus of the public health evaluation plan 18 Challenges Meets "Proficient" criteria and discussion contains original ideas that provide clear insight Identifies challenges that will be encountered in the public health evaluation and discusses how the challenges will be overcome Identifies challenges that will be encountered in the public health evaluation, but does not sufficiently discuss how the challenges will be overcome Does not identify challenges that will be encountered in the public health evaluation 18 Articulation of Response Submission is free of errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, and organization and is presented in a professional and easy-to-read format Submission has no major errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization Submission has major errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization that negatively impact readability and articulation of main ideas Submission has critical errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization that prevent understanding of ideas 10 Total 100%