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Instructions attached I've attached the Mod 3 docs for consistency for this assignment! Need in 24 hours please Antonai Fitzgerald PSY 300 Topic Proposal and Literature Review Worksheet Developmental Disorders, Learning and Memory is the topic of interest. There are numerous development disorders which impair working memory hence negatively influencing learning and memory to the patients. Working memory is a component of the executive function which is involved in the organizational aspect of memory and goal-directed behavior. However, development disorders which have adverse on cognitive functions influence learning and memory. Some of the development disorders include dyslexia, hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), intellectual disability (ID), autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder. These are development disorders which influence the information process, storage and a wide range of complex cognitive tasks creating a desire for the investigation to establish how they influence memory and learning. Reference One Cite your reference in APA style. Moreau, D., & Waldie, K. E. (2016). Developmental Learning Disorders: From Generic Interventions to Individualized Remediation. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 2053. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02053 What claims do the authors of the study make about the influence of the brain and nervous system on human behavior? The author argues that development learning disorders affect children, impairing their experience of learning in the classroom. Dyslexia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two learning disorders that are evaluated by the authors, where they claim they cannot be linked to the inadequate learning environment or the intellectual ability of the children but rather to the underlying brain function (Moreau & Waldie, 2016). Maturation of the prefrontal areas enables and support executive function such as reading and cognitive processes. In the early stages, neural activity may be disorganized and inefficient which eventually transit to a better efficient system (Moreau & Waldie, 2016). However, the transition phase is defective to individuals affected with affected by dyslexia and ADHD. Additionally, variation in the cerebral lateralization related to language processing and executive functions is another mechanism responsible for dyslexia and ADHD which influences learning and working memory (Moreau & Waldie, 2016). What evidence does the study present for how the brain and nervous system influence human behavior? In the study, it is revealed that between 5 and 10% of the population experience severe dyslexia or ADHD (Moreau & Waldie, 2016). These are human behaviors that are affected by the deficiency in the brain and neural activity, which cannot be remediated through improving the learning environment nor are they related to the intellectual ability of the children. If your reference covers a study, what research design was used for the study, and why do you think the researchers chose it? N/A How did the researchers address potential ethical issues in the study, and did they do so adequately? Why or why not? N/A Reference Two Cite your reference in APA style. Holmes, J., Guy, J., Kievit, R. A., Bryant, A., Mareva, S., & Gathercole, S. E. (2020). Cognitive dimensions of learning in children with problems in attention, learning, and memory. Journal of Educational Psychology. https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2020-85078-001.pdf What claims do the authors of the study make about the influence of the brain and nervous system on human behavior? Authors claim that the cognitive dimensions influence learning outcomes. The study established that reading achievement is linked to processing speed, reading and spelling abilities strongly positively linked to phonological processing skills while mathematical skills are linked to executive skills (Holmes et al.., 2020). Children with learning-related difficulties such as ADHD exhibited low mathematical skills, processing speed and reading abilities. This is because the brain and nervous system components responsible for these behaviors are defective such as defective executive skills. What evidence does the study present for how the brain and nervous system influence human behavior? In the study, children with ADHD performed significantly more poorly than those without ADHD. Phonological processing which was used to assess reading was stronger in children without ADHD, and the same results were obtained with executive skills which assessed mathematical abilities (Holmes et al.., 2020). This denotes that development disorders that affect the brain and nervous system functions, significantly influence human behaviors such as reading. If your reference covers a study, what research design was used for the study, and why do you think the researchers chose it? A Quasi-experiment research design was used in the study. This is because the researcher were determined to use children with ADHD and without ADHD to establish how human behaviors are influenced by the deficiency in the cognitive dimensions. How did the researchers address potential ethical issues in the study, and did they do so adequately? Why or why not? In the research, children between the age of 5 and 18 years were used, where researchers used guardians to acquired informed consent to have the children included in the study which met the inclusion criteria (Holmes et al.., 2020). This ethical principle issue was dealt with sufficiently because none of the participants was engaged in the study without permission from a guardian or referrer. Reference Three Cite your reference in APA style. Androschuk, A., Al-Jabri, B., & Bolduc, F. V. (2015). From learning to memory: what flies can tell us about intellectual disability treatment. Frontiers in psychiatry, 6, 85. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00085 What claims do the authors of the study make about the influence of the brain and nervous system on human behavior? According to the authors, long-term memory formation requires protein synthesis in the dorso-anterior-lateral neurons (DAL) (Androschuk, Al-Jabri & Bolduc, 2015). It is revealed that information is initially stored in the hippocampus, and later transferred for long-term storage in the cortex for explicit memory and cerebellum and basal ganglia for implicit memory. Excessive synthesis of protein impact working memory hence the need for a mechanism to regulate the production of proteins. What evidence does the study present for how the brain and nervous system influence human behavior? It is revealed that patients with intellectual disabilities might not be having learning and memory defects but they could be suffering from mental ability defects which limits their cognitive performance (Androschuk, Al-Jabri & Bolduc, 2015). Additionally, working memory defects have been exhibited in children with intellectual disability and also in children with normal IQ (Androschuk, Al-Jabri & Bolduc, 2015). This shows a deficiency in the brain and nervous systems indicates by the defects in the working memory contributes to learning disability and intellectual disability. If your reference covers a study, what research design was used for the study, and why do you think the researchers chose it? N/A How did the researchers address potential ethical issues in the study, and did they do so adequately? Why or why not? N/A Questions How have advancements in technology influenced research on human behavior? To a great extent, advancement in technology has promoted research on human behavior. With technology, areas that had not been navigated have been navigated providing a better understanding of human behavior. For example, microarrays have been used to identify the postsynaptic domain (PSD) protein SHANK2 gene (Androschuk, Al-Jabri & Bolduc, 2015). How have views on your topic changed over time? Development disorders, working memory and learning have a foundational basis on the brain and nervous system. It is the defects in the brain and nervous system components which are involved with executive skills, information processing, phonological processing which defects in the working memory and learning difficulties. What conclusions can be reached, based on these studies and references? Learning difficulties and defect on the working memory are development disorders which are caused by the defect on the brain and nervous system. How have issues of ethics in biopsychology been viewed historically? Ethics in biopsychology has not been taken seriously in the past because some development disorders people used to assume they occur naturally and exhibited human behaviors might be related to the brain, neurotransmitters and other aspects of biology. However, ethics is now integrated into biopsychology studies, seeking to establish how the brain and nervous systems are related to cognitive dimensions and other human behaviors (Holmes et al.., 2020). What gaps exist in these studies that could be addressed in future research? Assessment of literacy in the limited clinic time, limitation of tests to a single word reading and spelling, lack of measure to measure comprehension of understanding of a text, and non-representing of rigid mapping of tasks are some of the limitations in the study that would be addressed in the future research. Based on your topic selection and initial resources, what is your research question? How ADHD and dyslexia disorders are linked to the brain and nervous system and influence human behavior? Antonai Fitzgerald posted Sep 20, 2021 8:00 PM Subscribed In the quest to develop a research question, three research articles were reviewed which relate to the problem statement or the topic of the interest and provide adequate information on the research gaps upon which the research question was developed. Data obtained from these research articles was refined to an eventual generation of the research question which guides the data collection to respond to question of interest. Ogundele M. O. (2018). Behavioral and emotional disorders in childhood: A brief overview for paediatricians. World journal of clinical pediatrics, 7(1), 9–26. https://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v7.i1.9             This is a relevant study which outlines social, emotional and behavioral problems which are experienced by children with developmental disorders such as ADHD and dyslexia thus responding to the question of behavioral and social influence of said disorders.  Challenging behaviors exhibited by those suffering from developmental and mental health disorders, disruptive behavior patterns, etiology and risk factors to children behavioral disorders are also explored  Serrallach, B., Groß, C., Bernhofs, V., Engelmann, D., Benner, J., Gündert, N., ... & Seither-Preisler, A. (2016). Neural biomarkers for dyslexia, ADHD, and ADD in the auditory cortex of children. Frontiers in neuroscience, 10, 324. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2016.00324/full The study explores neuro-auditory systems of dyslexic, ADHD, attention deficit disorder (ADD) which significantly provides immense evidence on how different brain regions cause these development disorders (Serrallach et al…, 2016). This proposal seeks to identify the connection that exists between ADHD and dyslexia and the brain, information that this study potentially provides, by analyzing various brain regions such as subcortical, prefrontal and parietal areas which are said to be connected to the auditory cortex. Hudson, R. F., High, L., & Otaiba, S. A. (2007). Dyslexia and the brain: What does current research tell us?. The reading teacher, 60(6), 506-515.  https://www.readingrockets.org/article/dyslexia-and-brain-what-does-current-research-tell-us In this study, an explanation of dyslexia is given and neurobiological origin, which is said to be a physical location in the brain. Therefore, the study provides rich information that informs understanding of the connection between the brain and dyslexia, which is one of the main concerns for this research proposal. Munzer, T., Hussain, K., & Soares, N. (2020). Dyslexia: neurobiology, clinical features, evaluation and management. Translational pediatrics, 9(Suppl 1), S36. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7082242/ This study digs deeper into neurobiology in the quest to understand processes which drive neurological processes including dyslexia. Neurobiology which underpins typical reading skills and those seen in the dyslexia are outlined, educational interventions for dyslexia, which widen the scope to understanding this disorder and also identify how it is connected with the brain. In this research proposal, human subjects are involved because, doing so would add to the complexities of research in the endeavor to comply with ethical principles such as approval from SNHU CODE Institutional Review Board.