Fluent Essays

Objectives Chapter 2.  Historical Background Class will be presented with historical background in the field social work. Mary Richmond's influence in the field of social work. Scientific charity Development of casework Influence of psychoanalysis in the field social work. 1. Read Chapter 2 Historical Background in Arthur Fink (2011). The Field of Social Work. 2. Summarize in your notebook the following topics: Mary Richmond's influence in the field of social work. Scientific charity Development of casework Influence of psychoanalysis in the field social work. 2 3 Introduction to Social Work Second Edition 4 5 Introduction to Social Work An Advocacy-Based Profession Second Edition Lisa E. Cox Stockton University Carolyn J. Tice University of Maryland Dennis D. Long Xavier University 6 FOR INFORMATION: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: [email protected] SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 3 Church Street #10-04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 Copyright © 2019 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Cox, Lisa E., author. | Tice, Carolyn J., author. | Long, Dennis D., author. Title: Introduction to social work : an advocacy-based profession / Lisa E. Cox, Stockton University, Carolyn J. Tice, University of Maryland, Dennis D. Long, Xavier University. Description: Second edition. | Los Angeles : SAGE, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017030913 | ISBN 9781506394534 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Social service. Classification: LCC HV40 .C69 2019 | DDC 361.3—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017030913 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Acquisitions Editor: Joshua Perigo Editorial Assistant: Alexandra Randall Production Editor: Andrew Olson Copy Editor: Cate Huisman Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreader: Annette Van Deusen 7 https://lccn.loc.gov/2017030913 Indexer: Kathy Paparchontis Cover Designer: Gail Buschman Marketing Manager: Jennifer Jones 8 Brief Contents 1. Preface 2. Acknowledgments 3. About the Authors 4. Part 1 Understanding Social Work 1. 1. The Social Work Profession 2. 2. The History of Social Work 3. 3. Generalist Social Work Practice 4. 4. Advocacy in Social Work 5. Part 2 Responding to Need 1. 5. Poverty and Inequality 2. 6. Family and Child Welfare 3. 7. Health Care and Health Challenges 4. 8. Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges 5. 9. Mental Health 6. 10. Substance Use and Addiction 7. 11. Helping Older Adults 8. 12. Criminal Justice 6. Part 3 Working in Changing Contexts 1. 13. Communities at Risk and Housing 2. 14. The Changing Workplace 3. 15. Veterans, Their Families, and Military Social Work 4. 16. Environmentalism 5. 17. International Social Work 7. Epilogue: Social Work and Self-Care 8. Appendix: Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers: Summary of Major Principles 9. Glossary 10. References 11. Index 9 Detailed contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Part 1 Understanding Social Work 1: The Social Work Profession Learning Objectives Mary Considers Social Work The Professional Social Worker Social Work’s Unique Purpose and Goals Social Work and Human Diversity Diversity and Social Justice Intersections of Diversity Theory and Practice Social Work Values The NASW Code of Ethics Professionalism Advocacy Social Work Education Social Work Degrees Bachelor of Social Work Master of Social Work Doctor of Philosophy in Social Work or Doctor of Social Work Field Education Certificates and Certifications Social Work Practice Social Work Roles and Settings Levels of Practice Social Work as a Career Opportunity Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 2: The History of Social Work Learning Objectives Brian Organizes Farmworkers Social Welfare 10 Social Welfare Policy Conservative and Liberal Ideologies Social Control Social Justice The Intertwined History of Social Welfare Policy and Social Work Colonial America: 1607 to 1783 Nineteenth Century America: 1784 to 1890 The Progressive Era: 1890 to 1920 World War I: 1914 to 1918 The Great Depression: 1929 to Early 1940s Rank and File Movement World War II: 1939 to 1945 America’s War on Poverty: 1960 to 1967 Reaganomics: 1981 to 1989 Partisan Gridlock The Limitations of Social Welfare Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 3: Generalist Social Work Practice Learning Objectives Layla Intervenes at All Levels to Help People Who Are Homeless Knowledge Base for Generalist Social Workers Theoretical Foundations of Generalist Practice Systems Theory Ecological Perspective Empowerment Theory Strengths Perspective Evidence-Based Practice Roles for Generalist Social Workers Levels of Generalist Practice Social Work With Individuals (Micro Level) Social Work With Families and Groups (Mezzo or Meso Level) Social Work With Organizations, Communities, and Society (Macro Level) The Change Process Engagement Assessment Planning 11 Implementation Evaluation Advocates for Change Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 4: Advocacy in Social Work Learning Objectives Nancy Advocates to Professionalize Social Work in Her State The Need for Professional Advocates Power and Social Inequality The Ethics of Advocacy Client Self-Determination Self-Interest and Advocacy Individual Benefit Versus Community Benefit Pathways to Community Benefit Human Aspects of Helping Social Workers and Social Change Cause and Function Responses to Hard Times Cause Advocacy Today The Cost of Advocacy A Model for Dynamic Advocacy The Cycle of Advocacy The Advocacy Model in Action Tenets of Advocacy Practice and Policy Model Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources Part 2 Responding to Need 5: Poverty and Inequality Learning Objectives 12 Steve Sees the Face of Poverty Poverty Measures of Poverty Poverty and Inequality The Face of Poverty Women People of Color Children People Who Are Homeless Social Service Programs for The Those Who Are Poor Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Medicaid Supplemental Security Income Healthy Meals for Healthy Americans Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Earned-Income Tax Credit Public Housing Diversity and Poverty Advocacy on Behalf of the People Living in Poverty Current Trends in Advocacy With People Who Are Poor Dynamic Advocacy and Poverty Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access The Cycle of Advocacy Your Career and Poverty Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 6: Family and Child Welfare Learning Objectives Rosa Works to Strengthen Families for the Sake of Children Today’s Families Diverse Family Forms Divorce Separation Blended Families 13 Single-Parent Households Same-Sex Marriage and Parenting Marriage Equality Cohabitation Family Problems Domestic Violence Child Maltreatment Child Welfare Services History of Child and Family Services Parental Versus Child Rights A Global Context for Child Protection Key Child and Family Services Social Policy and Legislation Supporting Child and Family Services Public Attitudes Toward Services for Children and Families Social Workers’ Attitudes Toward Child and Family Services Social Work in Schools Challenges Facing School Social Workers Violence and Bullying Economically Disadvantaged and Homeless Students Students With Physical and Mental Challenges Teen Pregnancy Improvements in Education to Help Parents and Children Diversity and Family and Child Welfare Advocacy on Behalf of Families and Children Current Trends in Advocacy for Child and Family Services Dynamic Advocacy and Family and Child Welfare Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in Family and Child Welfare Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 7: Health Care and Health Challenges Learning Objectives Gayle Practices Social Work in a Teaching Hospital Health Challenges and the American Health Care System 14 Threats to Americans’ Health Chronic Illness Heart Disease Stress Health Disparities and the Uninsured Health Care Policy in the United States Health Insurance Affordable Care Act Health Care Trends Integrative Medicine Slow Medicine Prevention and Wellness Recovery, Rehabilitation, and Resilience Inflammation Managed Care Electronic Medical Records Health Care and Social Work History of Health Social Work Social Workers’ Roles in Health Care Practice Health Care Settings Emergency Rooms and Trauma and Urgent Care Centers Hospitals and Acute Care Veterans Affairs Hospitals Home Health Care Long-Term Care Hospice, End-of-Life, and Palliative Care Rehabilitation Services Clinics Public Health Services Diversity and Health Care Advocacy on Behalf of People With Health Care Challenges Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in Health Care Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises 15 Online Resources 8: Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges Learning Objectives Joe Advocates for People With Intellectual Challenges Definitions of Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges Types of Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges Developmental Challenges Physical or Mobility Challenges Mental/Cognitive Challenges Stigma and Discrimination Against People With Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges Social Work With People Living With Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges Historical Background of Services for People Living With Physical, Cognitive, or Developmental Challenges Deinstitutionalization Americans With Disabilities Act Social Work Practice With Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges Person-First Language Services for Persons With Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges Diversity and Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges Advocacy on Behalf of People With Physical, Cognitive, or Developmental Challenges Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career Working With People Who Have Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 9: Mental Health Learning Objectives Joyce Seeks Knowledge to Help With Her Broad Caseload at a Mental Health Center Mental Health and Mental Illness Definitions of Mental Health Status Normal Versus Abnormal Mental Health Mental Health Disorders and the DSM Evolution of the Mental Health System 16 Institutionalization and Deinstitutionalization Medicalization of Mental Illness Social Work Perspectives Mental Deficits Versus Personal Assets Mental Health Parity and the Affordable Care Act Social Work Practice in Mental Health Social Work Roles in Mental Health Services Mental Health Literacy Mental Health Settings Digital Mental Health Information and Therapy Diversity and Mental Health Advocacy on Behalf of People With Mental Health Issues Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in Mental Health Social Work Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 10: Substance Use and Addiction Learning Objectives Clayton Uses His Addiction Experience in Community Outreach Substance Use as a Mental Disorder Causes of Substance Use Codependency Addictive Substances and Behaviors Alcohol Prescription Drugs Illegal Drugs and Marijuana Anabolic Steroids Tobacco and Nicotine Food and Caffeine Gambling Sex Addiction Policies Related to Substance Use Social Work Practice in Substance Use and Addiction Prevention of Substance Use Disorder 17 Treatments and Interventions for Substance Use and Addiction Detoxification and Recovery Motivational Interviewing Alcoholics and Narcotics Anonymous Needle-Exchange Programs Methadone Treatment Programs Diversity and Substance Use and Treatment Advocacy and Substance Use Disorder Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in Substance Use and Addictions Certifications in Substance use: cadc and ladc Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 11: Helping Older Adults Learning Objectives Emilee Adores Gerontological Social Work Aging and Older Adults Meanings of “Aging” and “Old” Stages of Older Adulthood Longevity An Aging Populace Gerontological Social Work Practice Evolution of Gerontological Practice Social Work Roles in Gerontology and Geriatrics Resources for Successful Aging Living Options Day Programs Benefit Programs Culturally Competent Care of Older Adults Issues of Aging and Old Age Biological and Physiological Aspects of Aging Cognitive and Psychological Aspects of Aging Neurocognitive Disorders (Dementias) Depression, Mental Health, and Other Emotional Problems 18 Substance Use/Addictions Sexual Activity Loneliness Suicide Social Aspects of Aging Ageism Aging in Place Caregiving Long-Term Care Elder Abuse Spiritual Aspects of Aging Benefits of Spirituality and Religion in Old Age Illness, Death, and Faith Policies Affecting Older Adults Diversity and Aging Age Class Ethnicity and Race Gender Sexual Orientation Ability Intersections of Diversity Advocacy and Aging Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in Gerontology Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 12: Criminal Justice Learning Objectives Michelle Combats Racial and Ethnic Imbalances in the Juvenile Justice System Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime Types of Crimes The Contextual Nature of Crime The Correctional System 19 Juvenile Justice and Corrections Conflicting Attitudes About Those Who Commit Crimes Attitudes Toward Punishment Attitudes Toward Rehabilitation Social Workers and the Criminal Justice System Forensic Social Work Social Work Values Regarding Criminal Justice Interactions With the Criminal Justice System Police Courts Attorneys Corrections Officers Victim Assistance Programs Deviant Behavior and Social Status Mental Health and Criminal Justice Issues Affecting Children and Youth Exposure and Desensitization to Violent Behavior Parental Imprisonment Diversity and Criminal Justice Specific Disparities in the Criminal Justice System Racial Women Advocacy and Criminal Justice Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in Criminal Justice Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources Part 3 Working in Changing Contexts 13: Communities at Risk and Housing Learning Objectives Tonya Supports Residents of Federally Subsidized Housing Central Concepts Regarding Communities and Housing Community Practice At-Risk Communities 20 Housing Homeownership Rental Housing Subsidized Housing Shared Housing Halfway Houses Shelters Residential Treatment Centers and Hospitalization Social Work Practice in Housing and Communities Clients’ Housing Issues Foreclosure Landlords Eviction Substandard Housing Social Work With At-Risk Communities Segregated Communities Equal Opportunities for Housing Transportation and Connectivity Community Development and Resources Policy Issues Related to Communities and Housing Homelessness Affordable Housing Community Asset Building Segregation Diversity and Housing Advocacy and Housing Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in Housing Services and Community Practice Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 14: The Changing Workplace Learning Objectives Deidre Experiences Firsthand the Realities of the Contemporary Workplace The History of Work 21 Traditional Societies Agricultural Era: 1630 to 1760 Industrial Revolution: 1760 to 1840 Urbanization: 1860 to 1950 Information Age: 1960 to Present Current Social Trends Related to Work Work-Related Issues Unemployment Underemployment Minimum Wage Gender Inequality Harassment Lack of Union Participation Occupational Health Hazards Social Welfare and the Changing Workplace Social Insurance Programs Unemployment Insurance Workers’ Compensation Social Security Social Welfare Policies Affirmative Action Americans With Disabilities Act Diversity and the Changing Workplace Age Class Gender Sexual Orientation Intersections of Diversity Advocacy and the Changing Workplace Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in the World of Work Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 15: Veterans, Their Families, and Military Social Work 22 Learning Objectives Veteran Javier Experienced Military Life and Now Counsels Families The Armed Services and Military Culture What It Means to Be a Soldier How War Affects Soldiers How the Military Takes Care of Its Own Social Work With the Military and Veterans A History of Military Social Work Behavioral Health Problems of Service Members and Veterans Traumatic Brain Injury Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Substance Use Disorders Suicide Issues Affecting Wounded Military Veterans Issues Affecting Military Families Programs and Policies for Military Personnel, Veterans, and Their Families Social Work Assessment and Intervention Skills Common Types of Therapy Multidisciplinary Team Approach Diversity and Military Social Work Age Class Ethnicity/Race Gender Sexual Orientation Intersections of Diversity Advocacy for Veterans and Members of the Military Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in Military Social Work Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 16: Environmentalism Learning Objectives Betty Confronts a Natural Disaster 23 Environmentalism and Social Work Social Work Leadership in Environmentalism Mary Richmond Jane Addams National Association of Social Workers Council on Social Work Education Ecological Social Welfare and Practice Sustainability Ecological Justice Ecological Ethics Environmental Issues Overpopulation Pollutants Climate Change Environmental Disasters Flooding Drought Hurricanes Famine Diversity and Environmentalism Age Class Gender Sexual Orientation Intersections of Diversity Advocacy and Environmentalism Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in Environmentalism Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 17: International Social Work Learning Objectives Teresa Applies Her Multicultural Background to Social Work International Social Work 24 Level of National Development Social Work Principles for International Practice Transnational Identities Cultural Competence Bilingualism and Multilingualism Comparative Social Policy Principles of Ethics Charity and Empowerment Social Development Current Issues Facing International Social Workers HIV/AIDS Child Welfare Poverty Refugees Safety and Self-Care Diversity and International Practice Age Class Ethnicity Race Gender Sexual Orientation Intersections of Diversity Advocacy and International Social Work Economic and Social Justice Environmental Justice Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in International Social Work International Job Opportunities Volunteering, Experiential Learning, and Field Education Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources Epilogue: Social Work and Self-Care Appendix: Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers: Summary of Major Principles Glossary References 25 Index 26 27 Preface When the idea of writing a book was first proposed, our thoughts turned to those people with whom we wanted to work over a long period of time. Said another way, we recognized that successful writing partnerships are built on trust, honesty, and commitment. We feel fortunate that those essential elements culminated not only in lasting friendships but in dedication to a profession that is very much part of our lives. The completion of this second edition of our book further confirms the worth of highly valued relationships, lasting friendships, and collective professional commitment. 28 Our Impetus for Writing This Book We think the second edition of Introduction to Social Work continues to be a timely new text for adoption in introductory social work courses. Why? Because our book has been crafted to align with the profession’s historical roots of advocacy for human rights and social, economic, and environmental justice. We know through our practice and community involvement with social service agencies that many social workers have been urging and taking a much more active approach in client and community-based advocacy. Throughout our book, advocacy is described at a clinical/client level and also at organizational, community, national, and international levels. We encourage readers to connect the needs of individuals with those of society by linking direct practice to policy development. Engaging in such analytical thinking integrates micro and macro practice into a holistic perspective of practice underpinned by human needs and rights. A unique aspect of Introduction to Social Work continues to be its advocacy framework for understanding the historical development of social work, important figures influencing social work history, multiple practice settings, and the types of practice performed. The advocacy practice and policy model comprising four interlocking components—economic and social justice, supportive environment, human needs and rights, and political access—provides a lens for viewing social issues of the day. Additionally, the model serves as a vehicle to place special emphasis on human diversity, cultural competence, and intersections of diversity. Pertinent information is provided regarding professional use of self and contemporary applications to practice settings to adapt to a changing digital workplace and world. These applications view social workers as professional practitioners and client and community advocates, thereby offering a clear alternative to the perspectives of competing books. Features such as Time to Think boxes, Social Work in Action, Spotlight on Advocacy, and Current Trends provide examples of social work’s dynamic force and contribution to confronting complicated life situations on individual, group, local, state, national, and international levels. Vignettes appear across all chapters and are modeled after real-life situations faced by professional social workers. Perhaps more important, the book’s features prompt readers to pause in thought and consider their opinions, perspectives, reactions, and strategies related to events often far from their own reality. Our book encourages readers to stretch and think beyond, to connect the dots, and to critically analyze issues, beliefs, concepts, and environments. These aspects of cognitive discourse set our book apart from other introductory textbooks. In this second edition of our book, special attention was given to feedback from readers and reviewers of our first edition. Noteworthy changes contained in our second edition are captured below: Areas for advocacy in social work shift over time. With the election of President Trump and a republican Senate and House of Representatives, contemporary topics involving social work advocacy and political action at the federal level have been added and updated, especially in the area of health care reform. Increased attention has been given to ethics and the need to apply ethical considerations in social work practice. 29 A concerted effort has been made to include additional person-first language throughout the text. Content involving the intersections of diversity and multicultural practice has been enriched. Additional attention has been given to substance use and addiction services. 30 Structure of the Book Introduction to Social Work is organized into three parts. Part I introduces readers to a definition of social work, reviews the history of the profession, and describes advocacy as a major aspect of social work. In this section of the book, the advocacy practice and policy model is defined through examples and applications. Throughout the book, the elements of the model serve as themes for exploring practice and policy content areas and connecting them to vignettes that highlight critical features of each chapter. In Part II, the chapters examine how social workers respond to human needs—poverty and inequality, family and child welfare, health care and health challenges, physical and mental challenges, mental health, substance use and addiction, helping older adults, and criminal justice. The chapters in this section assess the strengths of people and communities in support of possible advocacy strategies. At every juncture, social workers are seen as leaders, experts, cofacilitators, and innovators who understand complexities, value diversity, appreciate the role of culture, and address ethical dilemmas. We are pleased to write that Part III of Introduction to Social Work goes beyond the standard text coverage by including chapters on communities at risk and housing; the changing workplace; veterans, their families, and military social work; environmentalism; and international social work. Each of these chapters introduces material especially selected to stimulate intellectual curiosity about current topics of relevance, such as climate change and posttraumatic stress disorder. Additionally, the role of housing is examined in reference to quality of life and opportunity, the culture of the military is defined so as to better frame the needs of service personnel and their families, and environmental issues are described innovatively to encourage social work professionals to be more involved in all forms of life and service. Each chapter ends with a list of online resources that correspond to the chapter’s content and offer readers the option to explore multiple topics in more detail. Discussion questions and key concepts are also provided to support class discussions and possible in-class and out-of-class assignments. A high-interest end-of-chapter feature titled “Your Career . . .” introduces possible career paths in social work related to the chapter content, along with thought-provoking questions and/or applications. 31 Making Course Content Come Alive Although we now primarily identify as educators, we have been molded by our social work practice experiences, current service endeavors, and the evolving world around us. No matter our work responsibilities, the classroom remains our playing field where we hope to convey the important role social workers play in society and people’s lives. We contend that advocacy is critical to teaching, research, and service. Consequently, Introduction to Social Work is designed to generate critical thinking and discussion, encourage interactive learning and reflective thinking, and expand horizons. The text will be in e-book format, and ancillaries are also available. In other words, we took a multisensory approach to teaching and learning that extends the walls of the classroom to the community and well beyond. To facilitate teaching, Introduction to Social Work is closely aligned with the Council on Social Work Education’s new Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards and incorporates reflective practice, encouraging students to engage in critical thought and reflection and to contemplate a professional social work career. As suggested by the butterfly on the cover, life is precious, colorful, fragile, and ever changing. We hope this book will contribute to each reader’s transformation as a person and aspiring professional. 32 SAGE edge SAGE edge offers a robust online environment featuring an impressive array of tools and resources for review, study, and further exploration, keeping both instructors and students on the cutting edge of teaching and learning. SAGE edge content is open access and available on demand. Learning and teaching has never been easier! SAGE edge for Students provides a personalized approach to help students accomplish their coursework goals in an easy-to-use learning environment. Here is a list of features: Mobile-friendly eFlashcards strengthen understanding of key terms and concepts. Mobile-friendly practice quizzes allow for independent assessment by students of their mastery of course material. Carefully selected chapter-by-chapter video links and multimedia content enhance classroom-based explorations of key topics. Interactive exercises and meaningful web links facilitate student use of Internet resources, further exploration of topics, and responses to critical thinking questions. EXCLUSIVE! SAGE edge for Students includes access to full-text SAGE journal articles that have been carefully selected to support and expand on the concepts presented in each chapter. SAGE edge for Instructors supports teaching by making it easy to integrate quality content and create a rich learning environment for students. These features include the following: Test banks provide a …