RESEARCH METHODS

Research Methods - Management
PLACE ORDER
How can you control "threats to validity" through each control procedure mentioned in slides # 3,4,5,6,7? 400 words Research Methods: A Process of Inquiry, 8/E Anthony M. Graziano | Michael L. Raulin Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chapter 9: Controls to Reduce Threats to Validity Graziano and Raulin Research Methods (8th Edition) * Threats to Validity Covered in Chapter 8 Validity can be threatened in many ways Presence of confounding variables Unrepresentative samples Inappropriate statistical tests or violations of statistics assumptions Subject and experimenter effects All these threats can be controlled Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Control Procedures General control procedures (applicable to virtually all research) Control over subject and experimenter effects Control through the selection and assignment of participants Control through experimental design Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * General Control Procedures Preparation of the setting Free of distractions that might interfere A natural setting increases external validity Response Measurement Use reliable and valid measures Replication Demonstrates that findings are consistent and robust Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Types of Replication Exact Replication Repeating a study using identical procedures to the original Systematic Replication Using a theoretical or procedural change Conceptual Replication Varying the operational definitions of the variables to get new research hypotheses Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Subject and Experimenter Effects Blind procedures Best control for expectancy effects Single-blind: The experimenter does not know what condition the participant is in Double-blind: Neither the experimenter nor the participant knows what condition the participant is in Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Subject and Experimenter Effects Automation Reduces contact between participants and the experimenter Gives the experimenter less opportunity to affect participants Using objective measures Objective measure require less judgment Provides less opportunity for subtle experimenter biases to affect the data Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Subject and Experimenter Effects Multiple observers Reduces bias because it challenges observers to be as precise and objective as possible Can measure amount of observer agreement (percent agreement or Kappa) Using deception Hides purpose of the study from participants Balanced placebo design is a good example Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Balanced Placebo Design Separates the pharmacological effects from the expectancy effects of alcohol A two-factor design Factor 1 is whether the person drinks alcohol Factor 2 is whether the person thinks he or she is drinking alcohol Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Balanced Placebo Design Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * This design crosses the consumption of alcohol with the belief that alcohol is being consumed People Led to Believe Drinking Alcohol Not Drinking Alcohol Actual Situation Drinking Alcohol Not Drinking Alcohol Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Participant Selection Can generalize only if your sample is representative Populations and samples General population: all potential participants Target population: those participants you are interested in Accessible population: portion of target population that is available to the researcher Sample: drawn from the accessible population Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Populations and Sampling This figure shows the relationship between the various populations General Population Target Population Accessible Population Sample Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Sampling Procedures Random sampling Every participant has an equal chance of being sampled Stratified random sampling Random sampling within strata (subgroups) Ad hoc samples Random sample from accessible population Must generalize cautiously Should describe sample to help define limits of generalization Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Participant Assignment Assignment Procedures Free random assignment Random assignment of participants to groups Randomize within blocks Randomly assign in blocks of one participant per condition Matched random assignment Random assignment of participants in matched sets to groups Other matching procedures e.g., match groups on key characteristics Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Matched Random Assignment Match on relevant variables Variables likely to affect the dependent measure Variables that show the largest variability in the population Procedures Match in sets on the relevant variable Set size is the number of groups in the study Randomly assign participants from the set, one to each group Keep track of matching data for the statistical analysis Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Experimental Design Main focus of Chapters 10 through 13 Experimental design maximizes validity Need to also include the other control procedures covered in this chapter Key elements of experiments One or more control groups Random assignment of participants to groups Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Ethical Principles Balanced Placebo Design raises several ethical issues Alcohol is a controlled substance Intoxication poses risks Some individuals are at especially high risk (e.g., people with certain medical conditions) Must address these issues Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Screening Participants Must assure that participants are legally old enough to consume alcohol Must screen out people who abuse alcohol and those with no experience with alcohol Must exclude those with medical problems that might be exacerbated by alcohol Must inform potential participants that alcohol may be consumed, so those with moral objects can decline Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Deception Participants know that, depending on the condition, they may or may not be consuming alcohol They agree to this in the informed consent What they don’t know is that they may be deceived about the condition to which they are assigned Debriefing is required to clear up misconceptions Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Protecting Participants Must have medical safeguards available in the event of an adverse reaction Must assure that the participant does not drive intoxicated Usually by keeping them in the lab until the blood alcohol level has dropped Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Summary Most threats to validity can be minimized with proper use of control procedures Broad classes of control procedures General control procedures Control over subject and experimenter effects Control through participant selection and assignment Control through specific experimental design Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * SUPPLEMENTAL SLIDES Website Resources Chapter figures Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Website Resources 9:01 Computational procedures for Kappa 9:02 Why Small Samples May Not be Representative 9:03 Use of the Random Number Program 9:04 Sampling of Participants 9:05 Assigning Participants to Conditions 9:06 Study Guide/Lab Manual 9:07 Related Internet Sites Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Pretest-Posttest Design The simple pretest-posttest design fails to control many sources of confounding History, Maturation, Regression to the Mean, etc. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) * Pretest-posttest Control-group Design The control-group design controls most sources of confounding PROVIDED the groups are equivalent Use random assignment to assure equivalence Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) * Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. (2013) Graziano & Raulin (1997) *
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Furman was originally sentenced to death because of a murder he committed in Georgia but the court debated whether or not this was a violation of his 8th amend One of the first conflicts that would need to be investigated would be whether the human service professional followed the responsibility to client ethical standard.  While developing a relationship with client it is important to clarify that if danger or Ethical behavior is a critical topic in the workplace because the impact of it can make or break a business No matter which type of health care organization With a direct sale During the pandemic Computers are being used to monitor the spread of outbreaks in different areas of the world and with this record 3. Furman v. Georgia is a U.S Supreme Court case that resolves around the Eighth Amendments ban on cruel and unsual punishment in death penalty cases. The Furman v. Georgia case was based on Furman being convicted of murder in Georgia. 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The team is currently using an I would start off with Linda on repeating her options for the child and going over what she is feeling with each option.  I would want to find out what she is afraid of.  I would avoid asking her any “why” questions because I want her to be in the here an Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of using an Internet site as means of collecting data for psychological research (Comp 2.1) 25.0\% Summarization of the advantages and disadvantages of using an Internet site as means of collecting data for psych Identify the type of research used in a chosen study Compose a 1 Optics effect relationship becomes more difficult—as the researcher cannot enact total control of another person even in an experimental environment. Social workers serve clients in highly complex real-world environments. 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After establishing where each member is in relation to the family A Health in All Policies approach Note: The requirements outlined below correspond to the grading criteria in the scoring guide. At a minimum Chen Read Connecting Communities and Complexity: A Case Study in Creating the Conditions for Transformational Change Read Reflections on Cultural Humility Read A Basic Guide to ABCD Community Organizing Use the bolded black section and sub-section titles below to organize your paper. For each section Losinski forwarded the article on a priority basis to Mary Scott Losinksi wanted details on use of the ED at CGH. He asked the administrative resident